ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology VOLUME 40 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology Edited by SAUL NEIDLEMAN Vacaville, California ALLEN I. LASKIN Somerset, New Jersey VOLUME 40 Academic Press San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1995 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495 United Kingdom Edition published by Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NW 1 7DX International Standard Serial Number: 0065-2 164 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-002640-6 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 95 96 9 7 9 8 99 0 0 B B 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Microbial Cellulases: Protein Architecture. Molecular Properties. and Biosynthesis AJAYSINGH AND KIYOSHIHAYASHI I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1. Microbial Sources of Cellulolytic Enzymes ........................... I11. Protein Architecture and Molecular Properties ........................ IV. Structural and Catalytic Properties .................................. V Cellulase Biosynthesis ............................................. VI . Future Prospects .................................................. References., ...................................................... . 1 2 6 15 26 34 35 Factors Inhibiting and Stimulating Bacterial Growth in Milk: An Historical Perspective D . K . O’TOOLE I . Introduction ...................................................... I1. Early Developments ............................................... 111. Lactenin .......................................... ........... IV. Studies with Lactic Acid Bacteria ................................... V. Effect of Cow Ration on Milk as a Growth Medium for Bacteria . . . . . . . . . VI . Role of Inhibitors in Milk Quality ................................... VII. Stimulators of the Growth of Lactic Acid Bacteria ..................... VIII . Growth Inhibitors of Other Bacteria .................................. IX. Applications of the Antimicrobial Systems in Milk .................... X . Conclusion .......................... Appendix A ......................... Appendix B ......................... ........................ References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 47 48 53 69 71 72 77 81 82 83 84 85 Challenges in Commercial Biotechnology . Part I. Product. Process. and Market Discovery ALE^ PROKOP I . Introduction ...................................................... .................................. I11. Primary Market Classification ....................................... I1. Biocatalysts: Sources for Discovery V 95 108 113 vi CONTENTS IV. Pathway to Commercialization: Discovery and Development (D & D) Cycle ..................................................... V. Product Discovery ..............................