CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS ABOUT THE AUTHOR Tyler G. Hicks, P.E., is a consulting engineer and a successful engineering book author. He has worked in plant design and operation in a variety of industries, taught at several engineering schools, and lectured both in the United States and abroad. Mr. Hicks holds a bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from Cooper Union School of Engineering in New York. He is the author of more than 100 books in engineering and related fields. CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS Tyler G. Hicks, P.E. International Engineering Associates Member: American Society of Mechanical Engineers United States Naval Institute Second Edition New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2010, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-161470-2 MHID: 0-07-161470-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-161469-6, MHID: 0-07-161469-9. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at
[email protected] Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGrawHill”) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work,