MATHEMATICS IN INDUSTRY Editors Hans-Georg Bock Frank de Hoog Avner Friedman Arvind Gupta Helmut Neunzert William R. Pulleyblank Torgeir Rusten Fadil Santosa Anna-Karin Tornberg 7 Armin Iske Trygve Randen Editors Mathematical Methods and Modelling in Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production 1 23 Editors Dr. Armin Iske University of Leicester Department of Mathematics University Road Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom Email:
[email protected] Dr. Trygve Randen Schlumberger Stavanger Research Risabergveien 3 4068 Stavanger, Norway Email:
[email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2004114140 Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 65M25, 65M12, 65M50, 76M25, 76M28, 76T99, 65D15, 65D05, 65D07, 65D17 ISBN 3-540-22536-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Printed in Germany The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typeset by the authors using a Springer TEX macro-package Cover design: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper 46/3142LK - 5 4 3 2 1 0 Preface Fossil fuels, including oil and gas, store a part of the energy which the earth has received from the su