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Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance SECOND EDITION Warren J. Manning, MD Professor of Medicine and Radiology Harvard Medical School Section Chief, Non-Invasive Cardiac Imaging Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts Dudley J. Pennell, MD, FRCP, FACC, FESC Professor of Cardiology National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College Director, Cardiovascular MR Unit Royal Brompton Hospital London, United Kingdom Saunders / Elsevier Philadelphia, PA An Imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, Second Edition ISBN 978-0-443-06686-3 Copyright # 2010, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cardiovascular magnetic resonance / [edited by] Warren J. Manning, Dudley J. Pennell. – 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance / Warren J. Manning, Dudley J. Pennell. – 1st ed. 2002. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-443-06686-3 1. Heart–Magnetic resonance imaging. I. Manning, Warren J. II. Pennell, Dudley J., 1958- III. Manning, Warren J. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance. [DNLM: 1. Cardiovascular Diseases–Diagnosis. 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging–methods. 3. Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular. WG 141.5.M2 C2664 2010] RC683.5.M35M364 2010 616.10 207548–dc22 2010003032 Acquisitions Editor: Rebecca Schmidt Gaertner Editorial Assistant: David Mack Design Direction: Ellen Zanolle Printed in the United States of America. Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To the joys and inspirations of