Advances in Insect Physiology Volume 18 This Page Intentionally Left Blank SAN DIEGO Advances in Insect Physiology edited by M. J. BERRIDGE J. E. TREHERNE and V. B. WIGGLESWORTH Depafiment of Zoology, The University Cambridge, England Volume 18 1985 ACADEMIC PRESS (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) London Orlando San Diego New York Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo COPYRIGHT o 1985 BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24-28 Oval Road LONDON NWl 7DX United States Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 ISSN: 0065-2806 ISBN: 0-12-024218-4 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATFS OF AMERICA 85868788 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents vii Contributors Ant Trail Pheromones ATHULA B. ATTYGALLE and E. DAVID MORGAN Pattern and Control of Walking in Insects D. GRAHAM Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism and Physiology of the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster JOHN A. KIGER, JR., and HELEN K. SALZ 1 31 141 The Developmental Physiology of Color Patterns in Lepidoptera H. FREDERIK NIJHOUT 181 Nonspiking Interneurons and Motor Control in Insects MELODY V. S. SIEGLER 249 Structure and Regulation of the Corpus Allatum STEPHEN S. TOBE and BARBARA STAY 305 Subject Index 433 Cumulative List of Authors 439 Cumulative List of Chapter Titles 441 V This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contributors Athula B. Attygalle* Department of Chemistry, University of Keele, Staffordshire STS SBG, England D. Graham Facultat Biologie, Universitat Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Federal Republic of Germany John A. Kiger, Jr. Department of Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA E. David Morgan Department of Chemistry, University of Keele, Staffordshire ST5 SBG, England H. Frederik Nijhout Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27706, USA Helen K . Salz Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA *Present address: Institute for Organic Chemistry 11, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg,,0-8520 Erlangen, Federal Republic of Germany. vii viii CONTRIBUTORS Melody V. S. Siegler Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England Barbara Stay Department of Zoology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA Stephen S. Tobe Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S IAl Ant Trail Pheromones Athula B. Attygalle" and E. David Morgan Department of Chemistry, University of Keele. Staffordshire, England Introduction Earlier observations Glandular origins Chemistry of trail pheromones 4.1 Composition 4.2 Concentration 5 Stereobiology of trail pheromones 5.1 Multicomponent pheromones 5.2 Activity of congeners 6 Source and specificity of ant trail pheromones 6.1 Dolichoderine ants 6.2 Myrmicine ants 6.3 Formicine ants 6.4 Ecitonine ants 6.5 Ponerine ants 6.6 Aneuretine ants 7 Conclusions References 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 5 5 9 9 9 11 13 14 14 20 21 21 22 22 23 1 Introduction Social insects (bees, wasps, ants, and termites) utilize an array of pheromones to maintain the high level of organization in their colonies. Many species of ants and termites that are essentially wingless lay terrestrial odor trails leading to food sources or nesting sites. According