ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR VOLUME 3 Contributors to This Volume Robert J. Ellingson Raymond H. Hohle Herbert Kaye Howard H. Kendler Tracy S. Kendler Robert E. Klein Eleanor E. Maccoby Anne D. Pick Herbert L. Pick, Jr. Michael D. Zeiler ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR edited by Lewis P. Lipsitt Department of Psychology Brown University Providence, Rhode Island Charles C. Spiker Institute of Child Behavior and Development State University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa VOLUME 3 @ 1967 ACADEMIC PRESS New York London COPYRIGHT 0 1967 BY ACADEMICPRESS INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM. BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS INC. I I I Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W. I LIBRARYOF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:63-23237 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. ROBERT J. ELLINGSON, Nebraska Psychiatric Institute, University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska (53) RAYMOND H. HOHLE, Institute of Child Behavior and Development, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (225) HERBERT KAYE, Department of Psychology, Emory University,A tlanta, Georgia ( I ) HOWARD H. KENDLER, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California(157) TRACY S. KENDLER, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California (157) ROBERT E. KLEIN, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota' ( I91) ELEANOR E. MACCOBY, Laboratory of Human Development, Stanford University, Stanford, California (99) ANNE D. PICK, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota2(191) HERBERT L. PICK, JR., Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota ( I 91 ) MICHAEL D. ZEILER, Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, Wellesley. Massachusetts' (125) Present address: Istituto de Nutricion de Centro American y Panama, Apartado Postal 1 1-88, Carretera Roosevelt, Ciudad Guatemala, Guatemala. %esent address: Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Minnesota. I 'Present address: Institute of Child Behavior and Development, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. V This Page Intentionally Left Blank Preface In recent years, the field of child development and behavior has experienced enormous growth in the number of research and theoretical publications. Use of original sources by scientists and students in maintaining scholarly knowledge both within and outside their areas of specialization has become a most formidable task. The serial publication of Advances in Child Development and Behavior is intended to provide scholarly reference articles in the field and to serve two other purposes. On the one hand, it is hoped that teachers, research workers, and students will find these critical syntheses useful in the endless task of keeping abreast of growing knowledge in areas peripheral to their primary focus of interest. There is an indisputable need for technical, documented reviews which will facilitate this task by reducing the frequency with which original papers must be consulted, particularly in such secondary areas. On the other hand, the editors are also convinced that research in child development has progressed to the point that such integrative and critical papers will be of considerable usefulness to researchers in problem areas with which they are primarily concerned. No attempt is made to organize each volume