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THE MIRROR OF GRAMMAR AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE General Editor E. F. KONRAD KOERNER (University of Ottawa) Series III – STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE SCIENCES Advisory Editorial Board Cristina Altman (São Paulo); Ranko Bugarski (Belgrade) Lia Formigari (Rome); John E. Joseph (Edinburgh) Hans-Josef Niederehe (Trier); Emilio Ridruejo (Valladolid) Rosane Rocher (Philadelphia); Vivian Salmon (London) Kees Versteegh (Nijmegen) Volume 101 L. G. Kelly The Mirror of Grammar Theology, philosophy and the Modistae THE MIRROR OF GRAMMAR THEOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY AND THE MODISTAE L. G. KELLY Darwin College, Cambridge JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA 8 TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kelly, L.G. (Louis G.) The Mirror of Grammar: theology, philosophy and the modistae / L.G. Kelly p. cm. -- (Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Series III, Studies in the history of the language sciences, ISSN 0304-0720; v. 101) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Speculative grammar. I. Title. II Series. P156. K45 2002 415--dc21 2002074488 ISBN 90 272 4590 8 (Eur.) / 1 58811 176 8 (US) (Hb; alk. paper) © 2002 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. • P.O.Box 63224 • 1020 ME Amsterdam • The Netherlands John Benjamins North America • P.O.Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA COMITIBUS CARISSIMIS INGENIO ET IUCUNDITATE PRAESTANTIBUS ROBERTO HENRICO ROBINS ATQUE BIBIANAE ANNAE LAW REQUIESCANT IN PACE TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ix Introduction 1 1. Vox , Articulation and Porphyry 1.1. Sounds and Letters 1.2. Articulation, Imposition and Porphyry 1.3. Rationes et Modi Significandi 1.4. Ratio consignificandi 11 11 15 23 31 2. Esse, Intelligere, Consignificare 2.1. Significatio and Dictio 2.2. The Boethian Triad and the Pars 2.3. Models of the Double Triad 2.4. Parts of Speech: Number and Order 39 39 46 54 61 3. Noun and Pronoun 3.1. Essential Modes of Signifying 3.2. Accidental Modes of Signifying 3.2.1 Qualitas: Property or Accident? 3.2.2. Adjectives 3.2.3. Demonstratio et Relatio 3.2.4. Number and the Other 3.2.5. Persona and Persons 3.2.6. Casus and the Other 3.2.7. Genus and Other Accidents 3.3 Formalising Noun and Pronoun 69 69 77 78 82 85 87 90 93 99 102 4. Verb and Participle 4.1. Essential Modes of Signifying 4.2. Accidental Modes of Signifying 4.2.1. Time and Tense 4.2.2. Number, Person and Inclination 4.2.3. Modus and Inclination 4.2.4. Significatio 4.2.5. Figura, Species and Other Matters 4.3. System and the Declinables 103 103 116 116 122 124 127 130 131 viii THE MIRROR OF GRAMMAR 5. The Indeclinable Parts of Speech 5.1. Dispositio actus: Adverb and Interjection 5.1.1. Essential Modes of Signifying 5.1.2. Accidental Modes of Signifying 5.2. Dispositio Substantiae: Preposition 5.2.1 Essential Modes of Signifying 5.2.2. Case and the Preposition 5.3. Dispositio Utriusque: Conjunction 5.3.1. Essential Modes of Signifying 5.3.2. Accidental Modes of Signifying 5.4. A System of Indeclinables? 133 133 133 142 148 148 152 157 157 160 164 6. Construction and Syntax 6.1. Constructio and Oratio 6.2. Congrua ordinatio dictionum 6.3. Perfectam sententiam demonstrans 165 165 175 191 Conclusion. Silvering the Mirror of Language