Macromolecules in Solution and Brownian Relativity INTERFACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Series Editor: ARTHUR HUBBARD In this series: Vol. 1: Clay Surfaces: Fundamentals and Applications Edited by F. Wypych and K.G. Satyanarayana Vol. 2: Electrokinetics in Microfluids By Dongqing Li Vol. 3: Radiotracer Studies of Interfaces Edited by G. Horányi Vol. 4: Emulsions: Structure Stability and Interactions Edited by D.N. Petsev Vol. 5: Inhaled Particles By Chiu-sen Wang Vol. 6: Heavy Metals in the Environment: Origin, Interaction and Remediation Edited by H.B. Bradl Vol. 7: Activated Carbon Surfaces in Environmental Remediation Edited by Teresa J. Bandosz Vol. 8: Tissue Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications By Yoshito Ikada Vol. 9: Particles at Interfaces: Interactions, Deposition, Structure By Zbigniew Adamczyk Vol. 10: Interface Science in Drinking Water Treatment: Theory and Applications Edited by G. Newcombe and D. Dixon Vol. 11: Surface Complexation Modelling Edited by Johannes Lützenkirchen Vol. 12: Theory of Colloid and Interfacial Electric Phenomena By Hiroyuki Ohshima Vol. 13: Sorbent Deformation By A.V. Tvardovskiy Vol. 14: Advanced Chemistry of Monolayers at Interfaces: Trends in Methodology and Technology Edited by Toyoko Imae Vol. 15: Macromolecules in Solution and Brownian Relativity By Stefano A. Mezzasalma INTERFACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY–VOLUME 15 Macromolecules in Solution and Brownian Relativity Stefano A. Mezzasalma Trieste University Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry* Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier * Part of a future department of life sciences. Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2008 Copyright ©2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email:
[email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made ISBN: 978-0-12-373906-3 ISSN: 1573-4285 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in The Netherlands 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Foreword 1. Classical and Relativistic Mechanics 1. Historical Summary Readings 2. Analytical Mechanics 2.1. Lagrangian mechanics and Ham