pashler-44076 pash44093˙fm December 13, 2001 16:36 STEVENS’ HANDBOOK OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY THIRD EDITION Volume 4: Methodology in Experimental Psychology Editor-in-Chief HAL PASHLER Volume Editor JOHN WIXTED John Wiley & Sons, Inc. iii pashler-44076 pash44093˙fm December 13, 2001 16:36 ii pashler-44076 pash44093˙fm December 13, 2001 16:36 STEVENS’ HANDBOOK OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY THIRD EDITION Volume 4: Methodology in Experimental Psychology i pashler-44076 pash44093˙fm December 13, 2001 16:36 ii pashler-44076 pash44093˙fm December 13, 2001 16:36 STEVENS’ HANDBOOK OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY THIRD EDITION Volume 4: Methodology in Experimental Psychology Editor-in-Chief HAL PASHLER Volume Editor JOHN WIXTED John Wiley & Sons, Inc. iii pashler-44076 pash44093˙fm December 13, 2001 16:36 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail:
[email protected] This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If legal, accounting, medical, psychological or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stevens’ handbook of experimental psychology / Hal Pashler, editor-in-chief — 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1. Sensation and perception — v. 2. Memory and cognitive processes — v. 3. Learning, motivation, and emotion — v. 4. Methodology in experimental psychology. ISBN 0-471-44333-6 (set) — ISBN 0-471-37777-5 (v. 1 : cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-471-38030-X (v. 2 : cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-471-38047-4 (v. 3 : cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-471-37888-7 (v. 4 : cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-471-44333-6 (set) 1. Psychology, Experimental. I. Pashler, Harold E. BF181 H336 2001 150—dc21 2001046809 iv pashler-44076 pash44093˙fm December 13, 2001 16:36 Contributors Kimmo Alho, PhD University of Helsinki, Finland Geoffrey R. Loftus, PhD University of Washington Norman