Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY VOLUME 8 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY VOLUME 8 Edited by SIR FREDERICK S. RUSSELL Plymouth, England and SIR MAURICE YONGE Edinburgh, Scotland Academic Press London and New York * 1970 ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. BERKELEY SQUARE HOUSE BERKELEY SQUARE LONDON, W l X 6 B A U S .Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. 111 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10003 Copyright 0 1970 by Academic Prass Inc. (London) Ltd. All rights reserved NO PART O F THIS BOOK MAY B E REPRODUCED I N ANY FORM BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM T H E PUBLISHERS S B N : 12-026108-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-1 4040 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN B Y THE WHITEFRI4RS PRZSY LTJ). LONDON AND TONBRIIJGE CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 8 GORDONA. RILEY,Institute of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. C. F. HICKLING, 95 Greenway, London N 2 0 , England. A. NELSON-SMITH, Department of Zoology, University College of Swansea. Swansea. Wales. KOHMANY . ARAKAWA, Hiroshima Fi&eries E~perimentaZ Station, Ondo, Hiroshima, Japan. This Page Intentionally Left Blank CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORSTO VOLUME8 .. .. .. .. .. V .. 1 Particulate and Organic Matter in Sea Water GORDONA. RILEY I. Introduction , . .. .. .. .. .. 11. Distribution of Particulate Organic Matter in the Sea .. .. .. .. .. A. Methods .. B. Visual Examination of Non-living Particulate Matter C. Particulate Organic Carbon . . .. .. .. I . 111. Chemical Composition .. A. Elementary Composition B. Biochemical Composition .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. C. Relationships of Organic and Inorganic Materials.. 4 4 7 12 29 29 32 36 IV. Experimental Studies of Non-living Particulate Matter. . A. Adsorption on Bubbles .. .. .. .. €3. I n situ Production and Utilization . . .. .. .. .. ,. .. C. Sinking Rates . . .. 40 .. .. .. .. V. General Discussion . . .. A. Re-examination of the Aggregation Process .. B. Dynamics of Production and Consumption of Nonliving Particulate Matter in the Sea .. .. 75 VI. References .. .. .. vii .. ,. *. .. 40 49 66 75 79 112 viii CONTENTS Estuarine Fish Farming C. F. HICKLING 1. Introduction . . .. .. .. .. .. A. From Primitive Fish-corral t o Fish Farin . . B. Definition of Estuaries as Sites for Fish Farms II. Suitability of Estuaries as Sites €or Fish Farms . . A. Their Topography .. .. . . .. B. The Fertility of Estuaries . . .. .. 111. The Species Cultured .. . . .. A. Selection of Organisms by Salinity . . B. The Natural History of the Species.. .. IV. Sources of Young Fish and Prawns .. A. Non-breeding and Artificial Breeding B. The Fish Fry and Prawn Fry Industry C. Care and Rearing of Fry .. .. .. .. 119 .. 122 .. 124 .. .. 140 .. 149 119 124 .. .. 149 .. .. 151 .. .. .. .. .. 155 .. 157 .. .. 159 155 V. The Food of Cultivated Fish and Prawns.. .. . . 164 A. Chams, Grey Mullet, Eels, Tilapia and Prawns . . 164 B.