Environmental Magnetism Environmental Magnetism This is Volume 86 in the I N T E R N A T I O N A L G E O P H Y S I C S SERIES A series of monographs and textbooks Edited by R E N A T A D M O W S K A , J A M E S R. H O L T O N , and H. T H O M A S ROSSBY A complete list of books in this series appears at the end of this volume. Environmental Magnetism Principles and Applications of Enviromagnetics Michael E. Evans Friedrich Heller University of Alberta Edmonton, T6G 2J1 Canada Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Ziirich 8093 Zfirich, Switzerland ACADEMIC PRESS An imprint of Elsevier Science Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Acquisitions Editor: Frank Cynar Senior Project Manager: Angela G. Dooley Editorial Coordinator: Jennifer Hel6 Marketing Manager: Linda Beattie Cover Design: Gary Ragaglia Project Management: Graphic World Publishing Services Composition: Kolam Information Services Pvt. Ltd. Printer: Maple-Vail This book is printed on acid-free paper. ( ~ Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be ~ought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail:
[email protected] You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting "Customer Support" and then "Obtaining Permissions." Cover photos: Gary Ragaglia/Metro Design A c a d e m i c Press An imprint of Elsevier Science 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com A c a d e m i c Press An imprint of Elsevier Science 84 Theobald's Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK http://www.academicpress.com A c a d e m i c Press An imprint of Elsevier Science 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, USA www.academicpressbooks.com Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003103058 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-243851-5 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 03 04 05 06 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Foreword ix Preface xi 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Prospectus 1.2 An Example 1 2 1.3 Scope of the Subject 2 BASIC MAGNETISM 2.1 Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism 2.2 Magnetic Susceptibility 2.3 Magnetic Hysteresis 9 13 2.4 Grain Size Effects 14 2.5 Summary of Magnetic Parameters and Terminology 2.6