The Social Science Encyclopedia

The Social Science Encyclopedia The Social Science Encyclopedia, first published in 1985 to acclaim from social scientists, librarians and students, was thoroughly revised in 1996, when reviewers began to describe it as a classic. This third edition has been radically recast. Over half the entries are new or have been entirely rewritten, and most of the balance have been substantially revised. Written by an international team of contributors, the Encyclopedia offers a global perspective on the key issues with the social sciences. Some 500 entries cover a variety of enduring and newly vital areas of study and research methods. Experts review theoretical debates from neo-evolutionism and rational choice theory to poststructuralism, and address the great questions that cut across the social sciences. What is the influence of genes on behaviour? What is the nature of consciousness and cognition? What are the causes of poverty and wealth? What are the roots of conflict, wars, revolutions and genocidal violence? This authoritative reference work is aimed at anyone with a serious interest in contemporary academic thinking about the individual in society. Adam Kuper is an anthropologist, author of many books, regular broadcaster and contributor to the TLS and the London Review of Books. He is a Fellow of the British Academy. Jessica Kuper retired in 2002 as senior commissioning editor in the social sciences at Cambridge University Press. The Social Science Encyclopedia Third edition Edited by Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper VOLUME I A–K First edition published in 1985 Second edition published in 1996 Third edition published in 2004 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” # 2004 Routledge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this title has been requested. ISBN 0-203-49616-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-57392-7 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–32096–8 (set) ISBN 0–415–34774–2 (Volume I) ISBN 0–415–34775–0 (Volume II) Contents VOLUME I List of illustrations vi Editorial preface vii Advisory editors ix Contributors x Entries listed by discipline and subject xxvi A–K entries 1 VOLUME II L–Z entries 547 Index 1081 Illustrations Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sources of energy used in the non-communist world (excluding the OPEC countries) in 1973, 1986 and 1999 301 A 2 3 factorial design 337 Gross domestic product (billions of dollars) – USA, 2002 677 GDP per capita (purchasing power parity US$) versus HDI of the top twenty countries in 2001 678 The US GDP per capita versus GPI (1992 chained dollars) 679 Estimates of world population, 0–ad 2000 (millions) 766 Estimates of world