Advances in COMPUTERS VOLUME 70 This page intentionally left blank Advances in COMPUTERS EDITED BY MARVIN V. ZELKOWITZ Department of Computer Science and Institute for Advanced Computer Studies University of Maryland College Park, Maryland VOLUME 70 A MSTERDAM • B OSTON • H EIDELBERG • L ONDON • N EW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • S AN D IEGO • S AN F RANCISCO • S INGAPORE • S YDNEY • T OKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2007 Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email:
[email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/ permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made ISBN-13: 978-0-12-373747-2 ISSN: 0065-2458 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in USA 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents C ONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P REFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix xiii Designing Networked Handheld Devices to Enhance School Learning Jeremy Roschelle, Charles Patton, and Deborah Tatar 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Historical Large Scale Successes . . . . . . . . Technology Context for Learning Applications . Overarching Ideas from the Learning Sciences . Design of Instructional Technologies . . . . . . Looking Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusi