Toc: Contents......Page 8Preface......Page 10Acknowledgments......Page 14Figure Credits......Page 16Introduction to Part I: Rationale and Foundations......Page 201. Goal-Directed Systems: An Evolutionary Approach to Life and Consciousness......Page 24The Leibowitz Challenge: The Kantian Epistemological Gap......Page 32The Life Gap: From a Mystery to a Scientific Problem......Page 36Back to Consciousness: The Qualia Gap......Page 48Three Explanatory Gaps......Page 50Dennett’s Hierarchy and Phylogenetic Distributions: Locating the Experiencing (EX) Factor......Page 542. The Organization and Evolution of the Mind: From Lamarck to the Neuroscience of Consciousness......Page 60The Associationists......Page 61The Evolutionary Psychology of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck......Page 64Herbert Spencer and the Evolutionary Principles of Psychology......Page 74Charles Darwin and the Mental Continuity between Man and Animals......Page 82The Psychological Investigations of William James......Page 90The Waning and Slow Reemergence of Consciousness Studies......Page 1043. The Emergentist Consensus: Neurobiological Perspectives......Page 114The Neural Correlates of Specific Experiences......Page 125The Field View of Consciousness: Oscillators and Attractors......Page 130Loading the Dice......Page 137Emotions and Embodiment......Page 1544. A Biological Bridge across the Qualia Gap?......Page 168Ways of Knowing: Mary, Fred, and Daniel......Page 174Learning to Perceive: The Nonimaginary Case of Daniel Kish......Page 178Why Square Pegs Do Not Fit in Round Holes and How a Shadow Can Evolve......Page 181The Componential Problem: Consciousness’s Magic Show......Page 186Enabling Systems......Page 187The Teleofunctions Question: Consciousness Has Telos but No Function......Page 2035. The Distribution Question: Which Animals Are Conscious?......Page 210The Argument from Analogy......Page 212The “Who Problem”: Twenty-First-Century Views......Page 216Evolutionary Transition Markers: The Evolutionary Transition Approach......Page 243Introduction to Part II: Major Transitions in the Evolution of the Mind......Page 2606. The Neural Transition and the Building Blocks of Minimal Consciousness......Page 270The Major Neural Transition: A New Information System......Page 273The First Nervous Systems and the Animals Carrying Them......Page 285Precursors and Enabling Systems in Cnidarians: Overall Sensation and Nonassociative Learning......Page 296Building Blocks for Subjective Experiencing?......Page 308Associative Learning: Distinctions and Stages......Page 312The Distinction between Operant and Classical Conditioning: An Evolutionary Perspective......Page 315Early Ideas on the Evolutionary Origins of Associative Learning......Page 320Going All the Way Down: The Relation between Cell Memory and Neural Memory......Page 333The Evolution of LAL......Page 340Are Animals with LAL Minimally Conscious?......Page 3628. The Transition to Unlimited Associative Learning: How the Dice Became Loaded......Page 366Learning through Models: The Patterns That Connect......Page 370Integrating Information through Hierarchical Inferenc