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PIONEERS OF PSYCHOLOGY A HISTORY FIFTH EDITION Raymond E. Fancher Alexandra Rutherford B W. W. NORTON & COMPANY, INC. New York London W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts— were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees. Copyright © 2017, 2012 by Raymond E. Fancher and Alexandra Rutherford. Copyright © 1996, 1990, 1979 by Raymond E. Fancher. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States. Editor: Ken Barton Project Editor: Caitlin Moran Developmental Editor: Betsy Dilernia Assistant Editor: Scott Sugarman Editorial Assistant: Eve Sanoussi Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi Production Managers: Steven Cestaro and Benjamin Reynolds Media Editor: Patrick Shriner Associate Media Editor: Stefani Wallace Assistant Media Editor: Alex Trivilino Marketing Manager: Lauren Winkler Design Director: Rubina Yeh Designer: Anna Reich Photo Editor: Ted Szczepanski Photo Researcher: Elyse Rieder Permissions Manager: Megan Schindel Composition / Illustrations: GraphicWorld Manufacturing: Quad / Graphics—Taunton MA ISBN: 978-0-393-28354-9 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10110 wwnorton.com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd. Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street London W1T 3QT Again for Joëlle, and in loving memory of Seth And again, for Graham and Emily BRIEF CONTENTS Introduction: Studying the History of Psychology 3 1 Foundational Ideas from Antiquity 23 2 Pioneering Philosophers of Mind: Descartes, Locke, and Leibniz 59 3 Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield 99 4 he Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant through the T Gestalt Psychologists 135 5 Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology 173 6 The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological Legacy 209 7 Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences 243 8 American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike 279 9 10 11 12 Psychology as the Science of Behavior: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner 317 ocial Influence and Social Psychology: From Mesmer to Milgram S and Beyond 361 Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its Successors 403 Psychology Gets “Personality”: Allport, Maslow, and the Broadening Field 447 13 The Developing Mind: Binet, Piaget, and the Study of Intelligence 493 14 Minds, Machines, and Cognitive Psychology 533 15 Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the Workplace 573 16 The Art and Science of Clinical Psychology 613 V CONTENTS XVII Preface to the Fifth Edition XXVII Time Line XLI About the Authors Introduction: Studying the History of Psychology 3 The Value of Studying History 3 The History of Psychology Has a History 6 Ways to Study the Past 8 Deciding Who to Include 14 Psychology vs. P