EIGHTH Edition Criminology A Canadian Perspective Rick Linden University of Manitoba Copyright 2016 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.nelson.com to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2016 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Criminology: A Canadian Perspective, Eighth Edition by Rick Linden Vice President, Editorial Higher Education: Anne Williams Publishers: Leanna MacLean, Maya Castle Marketing Manager: Terry Fedorkiw Developmental Editor: Maria Chu Photo Researcher/Permissions Coordinator: Jessie Coffey Senior Production Project Manager: Imoinda Romain Copyright © 2016, 2012 by Nelson Education Ltd. WCN: 02-200-201 Printed and bound in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14 For more information contact Nelson Education Ltd., 1120 Birchmount Road, Toronto, Ontario, M1K 5G4. Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.nelson.com Production Service: Cenveo Publisher Services Cover Design: Dave Murphy Copy Editor: Matthew Kudelka Cover Image: DenisTangneyJr/Getty Images Proofreader: Kavitha Compositor: Cenveo Publisher Services Indexer: BIM Indexing Services Design Director: Ken Phipps Managing Designer: Franca Amore Interior Design: Dave Murphy All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transcribed, or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems— without the written permission of the publisher. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further questions about permissions can be emailed to
[email protected] 1. Criminology—Canada— Textbooks. I. Linden, Rick, author, editor Every effort has been made to trace ownership of all copyrighted material and to secure permission from copyright holders. In the event of any question arising as to the use of any material, we will be pleased to make the necessary corrections in future printings. Criminology : a Canadian perspective / [edited by] Rick Linden, University of Manitoba. — Eighth edition. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-17-656206-9 (pbk.) HV6807.C76 2015 364.971 C2014-906362-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-17-656206-9 ISBN-10: 0-17-656206-0 Copyright 2016 Nelson Education Ltd. All Right