Introduction To The Theory Of Quantum Information Processing

Graduate Texts in Physics János A. Bergou Mark Hillery Introduction to the Theory of Quantum Information Processing Graduate Texts in Physics For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8431 Graduate Texts in Physics Graduate Texts in Physics publishes core learning/teaching material for graduate- and advanced-level undergraduate courses on topics of current and emerging fields within physics, both pure and applied. These textbooks serve students at the MS- or PhD-level and their instructors as comprehensive sources of principles, definitions, derivations, experiments and applications (as relevant) for their mastery and teaching, respectively. International in scope and relevance, the textbooks correspond to course syllabi sufficiently to serve as required reading. Their didactic style, comprehensiveness and coverage of fundamental material also make them suitable as introductions or references for scientists entering, or requiring timely knowledge of, a research field. Series Editors Professor William T. Rhodes Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Imaging Science and Technology Center Florida Atlantic University 777 Glades Road SE, Room 456 Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA [email protected] Professor H. Eugene Stanley Center for Polymer Studies Department of Physics Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Room 204B Boston, MA 02215 USA [email protected] Professor Richard Needs Cavendish Laboratory JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK [email protected] J´anos A. Bergou • Mark Hillery Introduction to the Theory of Quantum Information Processing 123 J´anos A. Bergou Department of Physics and Astronomy Hunter College City University of New York New York, NY, USA Mark Hillery Department of Physics and Astronomy Hunter College City University of New York New York, NY, USA ISSN 1868-4513 ISSN 1868-4521 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4614-7091-5 ISBN 978-1-4614-7092-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7092-2 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013934474 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for gen