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Drugs, Society & Human Behavior Carl L. Hart Columbia University Charles Ksir University of Wyoming Sixteenth Edition DRUGS, SOCIETY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR, SIXTEENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2013, 2011, and 2009. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 ISBN 978-0-07-802864-9 MHID 0-07-802864-7 Senior Vice President, Products & Markets: Kurt L. Strand Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Michael Ryan Vice President, Content Design & Delivery: Kimberly Meriwether David Managing Director: Gina Boedeker Director, Product Development: Meghan Campbell Product Developer: Lisa Pinto Marketing Manager: Alexandra Schultz Director, Content Design & Delivery: Terri Schiesl Full-Service Manager: Faye Schilling Content Project Managers: Melissa M. Leick, Danielle Clement, and Karen Jozefowicz Buyer: Jennifer Pickel Cover Image: © Rayhart (www.worksofrayhoart.com) Compositor: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Typeface: 9.5/12 Melior Printer: R. R. Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hart, Carl L. Drugs, society & human behavior / Carl L. Hart, Columbia University, Charles Ksir, University of Wyoming.— Sixteenth edition. pages cm title: Drugs, society and human behavior Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-07-802864-9 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-07-802864-7 1. Drugs of abuse. 2. Drugs—Social aspects. 3. Neuropsychopharmacology. I. Ksir, Charles. II. Title. III. Title: Drugs, society and human behavior. RM316.H37 2014 362.29—dc23 2014035634 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com Brief Contents Section One Drug Use in Modern Society Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Section Two How Drugs Work Chapter 4 Chapter 5 75 The Nervous System 76 The Actions of Drugs 99 Section Three Uppers and Downers Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Alcohol 185 186 Section Five Familiar Drugs Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 225 Tobacco 226 Caffeine 249 Dietary Supplements and Over-the-Counter Drugs 269 Section Six Restricted Drugs Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 121 Stimulants 122 Depressants and Inhalants 147 Medication for Mental Disorders 165 Section Four Alcohol Chapter 9 295 Opioids 296 Hallucinogens 321 Marijuana 349 Performance-Enhancing Drugs 373 Section Seven Prevention and Treatment Chapter 17 Chapter 18 1 Drug Use: An Overview 2 Drug Use as a Social Problem 23 Drug Policy 47 391 Preventing Substance Abuse 392 Treating Substance Use Disorders 411 Appendix A Drug Names 429 Appendix B Resources for Information and Assistance 435 Glossary 437 Photo Credits 451 Index 453 iii Contents Section One Drug Use in Modern Society 36 37 Is Substance Dependenc