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S Air Pollution PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS J. S. Kidd and Renee A. Kidd This one is for Loren. ✦ Air Pollution: Problems and Solutions Copyright © 2006, 1998 by J. S. Kidd and Renee A. Kidd This is a revised edition of INTO THIN AIR: The Problem of Air Pollution Copyright © 1998 by J. S. Kidd and Renee A. Kidd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kidd, J. S. (Jerry S.) Air pollution : problems and solutions / J. S. Kidd and Renee A. Kidd. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Into thin air. 1998. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-5605-6 1. Air—Pollution. I. Kidd, Renee A. II. Kidd, J. S. (Jerry S.) Into thin air. III. Title. TD883.K47 2005 363.739′2—dc22 2005052791 Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Text design by James Scotto-Lavino Cover design by Pehrsson Design Illustrations by Sholto Ainsle Printed in the United States of America MP Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. S Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction x 1 2 3 4 The Atmosphere 1 Atmospheres in the Solar System 1 Ear