The Anteater’s Guide to Writing & Rhetoric General Editor: Loren Eason Consulting Editors: Bradley Queen, Daniel M. Gross Contributors: Alice Berghof, Emily Brauer Rogers, Stacy Brinkman, Libby Catchings, Sue Cross, Keith Danner, Kat Eason, Loren Eason, Tagert Ellis, Brian Fonken, Sif Goodale, Leah Kaminski, Doug Kiklowicz, Lance Langdon, Kat Lewin, Ali Meghdadi, Collier Nogues, Cathy Palmer, Bradley Queen, Brendan Shapiro, Jackie Way Composition Program University of California Irvine Our green initiatives include: Electronic Products We deliver products in non-paper form whenever possible. This includes pdf downloadables, flash drives, and CDs. X Electronic Samples We use Xample, a new electronic sampling system. Instructor samples are sent via a personalized web page that links to pdf downloads. FSC Certified Printers All of our printers are certified by the Forest Service Council, which promotes environmentally and socially responsible management of the world’s forests. This program allows consumer groups, individual consumers, and businesses to work together hand-in-hand to promote responsible use of the world’s forests as a renewable and sustainable resource. Recycled Paper Most of our products are printed on a minimum of 30% post-consumer waste recycled paper. Support of Green Causes When we do print, we donate a portion of our revenue to green causes. Listed below are a few of the organizations that have received donations from Fountainhead Press. We welcome your feedback and suggestions for contributions, as we are always searching for worthy initiatives. Rainforest 2 Reef Environmental Working Group Cover and text design by Carol A. Hill Copyright © 2017 The University of California, Irvine Composition Program Copyright © 2016 Kat Eason on all “doodle” illustrations Copyright © 2015 EBSCO for screenshots in Chapter 5 Copyright © 2017 Doug Kiklowicz for front and back cover photographs All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Books may be purchased for educational purposes. For information, please call or write: 1-800-586-0330 Fountainhead Press Southlake, TX 76092 Web site: www.fountainheadpress.com E-mail:
[email protected] ISBN: 978-1-68036-426-2 Printed in the United States of America Acknowledgments This textbook is a collaborative project and a labor of love (or at least one of dedication) on the part of those involved in its production. Much of the work has been done on a strictly volunteer basis and no one here at UC Irvine is profiting from the proceeds (which go to fund professional development for the Composition Program faculty). As always, I am blown away by the time and energy that my colleagues have put into making this guide live and breathe for the students in our classes. I could not have put this book together without the previous work done by all the editors of prior editions of the Anteater’s Guide… (and the Student Guide to Writing… before that). Much of what is good in this volume comes from the work that they did before I took over this project. Thanks to Lynda Haas, Kat Eason, and Tira Palmquist. And thanks to Brad and Daniel for their feedback during the revision process of this edition. My chapter writers and editors put in tremendous work keeping this edition on time and on target. Thank you Libby, Kat, Leah, Jackie, Stacy, Emily, Collier, Ali, Kat, Tagert, Brad, Brendan, Sif, Brian, Alice, Keith, and Lance. And thanks to Jonathan Alexander, Bobbie Allen, Chieh Cheng