Child Development

Child Development EDITOR IN CHIEF Neil J. Salkind University of Kansas ASSOCIATE EDITOR Lewis Margolis University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill RESEARCH ASSISTANT Mandy D. Goodnight University of Kansas EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF Shawn Beall Project Editor Nancy Dziedzic Dave Salamie Copy Editors William Drennan Rebecca N. Ferguson Proofreaders Datapage Technologies International Compositor MACMILLAN REFERENCE USA Elly Dickason, Publisher Jill Lectka, Associate Publisher Child Development Edited by Neil J. Salkind Copyright © 2002 by Macmillan Reference USA, an imprint of Gale Group All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Macmillan Library Reference USA 300 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10010 Macmillan Library Reference USA 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Child development/ edited by Neil J. Salkind. p. cm.—(Macmillan psychology reference series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-02-865618-0 (hc.) 1. Child development. I. Salkind, Neil J. II. Series. HQ772.C436 2002 305.231—dc21 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2001037062 DEDICATION This book is dedicated to the memory of Joh