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First Published in 1927 by Methuen And Company, London CONTENTS Chapter I REMARKS ON THE TERM 'RACE,' ON THE DETERMINATION OF FIVE EUROPEAN RACES, AND ON SKULL MEASUREMENT Chapter II THE BODILY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EUROPEAN RACES Part One: The Nordic Race Part Two: The Mediterranean Race Part Three: The Dinaric Race Part Four: The Alpine Race Part Five: The East Baltic Race Chapter III THE MENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EUROPEAN RACES Chapter IV RACIAL STRAINS FROM OUTSIDE EUROPE Part One: Negroid, Hither Asiatic Part Two: The Jews Chapter V ENVIRONMENT, INHERITANCE, RACIAL MIXTURE Chapter VI THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE EUROPEAN RACES IN EUROPE Part One: Britain, France, Belgium, Germany Part Two: Spain, Portugal, Italy, north Balkans Part Three: Scandinavia Part Four: Eastern Europe, Russia Distribution Maps Chapter VII THE EUROPEAN RACES IN PREHISTORY Chapter VIII THE NORDIC RACE IN PREHISTORY AND IN HISTORY Part One: Indo-European Migrations Part Two: The Hellenes Part Three: The Romans Chapter IX THE DENORDIZATION OF THE PEOPLES OF ROMANCE SPEECH Part One: Germany Part Two: Spain, Italy Part Three: France Chapter X THE DENORDIZATION OF THE PEOPLES OF GERMANIC SPEECH Chapter XI THE PRESENT DAY FROM THE RACIAL POINT OF VIEW Chapter XII THE NORDIC IDEAL - A RESULT OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF HISTORY Chapter I REMARKS ON THE TERM 'RACE,' ON THE DETERMINATION OF FIVE EUROPEAN RACES, AND ON SKULL MEASUREMENT WE find, in general, the most confused notions as to how the European peoples are composed of various races. We often hear, for example, a 'white race' or a 'Caucasian race' spoken of, to which the Europeans are said to belong. But probably, were he asked, no one could tell us what its bodily characteristics are. It is, or should be, quite clear that a 'race' must be embodied in a group of human beings each of whom presents the same physical and mental picture. Physical and mental differences, however, are very great, not only within Europe (often called the home of the 'white' or 'Caucasian' race) and within each of the countries in it, but even within some small district in one of the latter. There is, therefore, no 'German race,' or 'Russian race,' or 'Spanish race.' The terms 'nation' and 'race' must be kept apart. People may be heard speaking of a 'Germanic,' a 'Latin,' and a 'Slav' race; but it is at once seen that in those lands where Germanic, Romance, or Slav tongues are spoken there is the same bewildering variety in the outward appearance of their peoples, and never any such uniformity as suggests a race. We see, therefore, that the human groups in question -- the 'Germans,' the 'Latins,' and the 'Slavs' -- form a linguistical, not a racial combination. The following consideration will probably be enough to keep racial and linguistical grouping distinct from one another. Is a North American negro -- a man, that is, speaking American English, a Germanic tongue, as his own -- is he a German, taking this term in its wider meaning? The usual answer would be: No; for a German is tall, fair, and lighteyed. But now a fresh perplexity comes in: In Scotland are found many tall, fair, lighteyed men and women, speaking Keltic. Are there, then, Kelts who look like 'Germans' ? It is from Kelts (according to a still prevalent belief in south Germany) that the dark, short people of Germany come. Many of the ancient Greeks and Romans are described as like Germans. Fair, light-eyed men and women are not seldom met with in the Caucasus. There are Italians of 'Germanic' appearance. I have taken the anthropometrical measurements of a Spaniard with this appearance. On the other hand, there are very many Germans, men belonging, that is, to a people speaking a Germanic tongue, who have no Germanic appearance whatever. But are not the people of Germany 'sprung from the old Germans'? How are these contradictions to be reconciled? For there