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Becoming Criminal This page intentionally left blank Becoming Criminal The Socio-Cultural Origins of Law, Transgression, and Deviance Don Crewe Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK Don Crewe © 2013 Foreword © Bruce Arrigo 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-0-230-21681-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-30372-4 DOI 10.1057/9781137307712 ISBN 978-1-137-30771-2 (eBook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Contents List of Figures vi Foreword vii Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 Part I What Is Theory? 1 Theory as Productive of Certainty: Teleology, Cause, Reason, and Emancipation 9 2 Theory as Causal Explanation 28 3 The Nature of Theory 46 Part II Will 4 Agency and Will 77 5 Being and Becoming 88 6 Becoming 113 Part III Constraint 7 Power 137 8 Constraint 165 9 Change and Complexity 179 Notes 195 References 207 Index 221 v Figures 3.1 The concept condenses at the point I, which passes through all the components and in which I’ (doubting), I” (thinking), and I’’’ (being) coincide. As intensive ordinates the components are arranged in zones of neighbourhood or indiscernibility that produce passages from one to another and constitute their inseparability. The first zone is between doubting and thinking (myself who doubts, I cannot doubt that I think), and the second is between thinking and being (in order to think it is necessary to be). The components are presented here as verbs, but this is not a rule. It is sufficient that there are variations (Deleuze & Guattari 1994: 24–5) 9.1 Bérnard cells 9.2 These three images are of the development of the Lorenz attractor at three different times. There are two trajectories displayed, one in gray and another which is drawn over it in white. The starting points for the two trajectories differ by only 10−5 units on the x-axis such that after t1 the two trajectories are virtually identical – we can see onl