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Mapping Extreme Right Ideology Also by Michael Bruter and Sarah Harrison THE FUTURE OF OUR DEMOCRACIES Also by Michael Bruter ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF EUROPEAN ELECTIONS CITIZENS OF EUROPE? Mapping Extreme Right Ideology An Empirical Geography of the European Extreme Right Sarah Harrison Research Officer, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK and Michael Bruter Senior Lecturer in European Political Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK © Sarah Harrison and Michael Bruter 2011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-58101-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-36899-0 DOI 10.1057/9780230336834 ISBN 978-0-230-33683-4 (eBook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harrison, Sarah, 1982– Mapping extreme right ideology : an empirical geography of the European extreme right / Sarah Harrison, Michael Bruter. p. cm. Includes index. 1. Political parties – Europe. 2. Right-wing extremists – Europe. 3. Radicalism – Europe. 4. Europe – Politics and government – 1989– I. Bruter, Michael, 1975– II. Title. JN94.A979H37 2011 324.2⬘13094—dc23 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 2011018682 Contents List of Tables vi List of Figures viii List of Plates ix List of Abbreviations x Acknowledgements xii Preface xiii 1 Introduction and Research Question 2 Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Map 25 3 Case Selection and Methodology 49 4 The Conceptual Map and Extreme Right Elites 68 5 Capturing the Ideological Identities of Extreme Right Parties 94 6 Exploring the Extreme Right Universe: Patterns of Internal Party Competition 113 How Stable Is the Discourse of Extreme Right Parties over Time? Analysis of the Press Releases of Five European Extreme Right Parties 134 Match or Mismatch? Investigating the Match between Extreme Right Parties’ Ideological Positions and the Ideological Preferences of Voters 149 Summary of Findings, Conclus