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Organisation, Location and Behaviour Organisation Location and Behaviour Decision-making in Economic Geography PETER TOYNE Lecturer in Geography University of Exeter M © Peter Toyne 1974 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1974 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission First published 19 74 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in New York Dublin Melbourne Johannesburg and Madras SBN 333 14355 8 (hard cover) SBN 333 14422 8 (paper cover) ISBN 978-0-333-14422-0 ISBN 978-1-349-15538-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-15538-5 The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. For Angela Contents List of Figures X List of Tables xiii Acknowledgements 1 LANDSCAPE ORGANISATION 1.1 Systems 1.1.1 Elements and attributes; 1.1.2 Relationships 1.2 Landscape as System 1.2.1 Delimitation; 1.2.2 Structure 2 THE XV DECISION~MAKER 2.1 Information 2.1.1 Diffusion; 2.1.2 Search; 2.1.3 Inaccuracy and distortion 2.2 Preference 2.2.1 Image; 2.2.2 Scaling; 2.2.3 Uncertainty 2.3 Motivation 2.3.1 Beliefs and values; 2.3.2 Achievement; 2.3.3 Aesthetics; 2.3.4 Satisfaction 3 SCALE 3.1 Internal Economies 3.1.1 Division of labour; 3.1.2 Substitution; 3.1.3 Disintegration; 3 .1.4 Balance of processes 3.2 External Economies 3.2.1 Competition; 3.2.2 Cumulative causation 3 6 17 18 32 40 54 59 62 viii 4 Contents LAND 4.1 Demand 4.1.1 Growth; 4.1.2 Obsolescence and decay; 4.1.3 Intensity 4.2 Evaluation 4.2.1 Physical; 4.2.2 Economic 5 LABOUR 71 73 94 108 109 5.1 Demand 5.1.1 Direct changes; 5.1.2 Indirect changes; 5.1.3 Induced changes 118 5.2 Productivity 5.2.1 Introduction of machinery; 5.2.2 Education and social services; 5.2.3 Industrial relations; 5.2.4 Substitution 5.3 Cost 129 5.3.1 Demand; 5.3.2 Supply conditions 5.4 Mobility 133 5.4.1 Information; 5.4.2 Evaluation 6 7 8 CAPITAL 143 6.1 Savings 6.1.1 Income; 6.1.2 Stimuli 6.2 Investment 6.2.1 The market mechanism; 6.2.2 Innovation 144 150 TRANSFER 161 7.1 Direct Costs 7 .1.1 Distance; 7 .1.2 Commodity characteristics 7.2 Indirect Costs 7.2.1 Transit times; 7.2.2 Safety and reliability; 7.2.3 Accessibility, flexibility and adequacy 7.3 Friction 7 .3.1 Movement minimisation; 7 .3.2 Bid rents; 7.3.3 Agglomeration 161 DEMAND AND SUPPLY 169 172 184 8.1 Price 184 8.1.1 Demand schedules; 8.1.2 Supply schedules; 8.1.3 Equilibrium 8.2 Location 191 8.2.1 Spatial supply; 8.2.2 Spatial demand; 8.2.3 Spatial equilibrium Contents 9 CONSTRAINTS AND INCENTIVES 9.1 Scale 9.1.1 Farm reorganisation; 9.1.2 Monopolies, cartels and trusts; 9 .1.3 Decentralisation 9.2Land 9.2.1 Planning law; 9.2.2 Covenants in conveyances; 9.2.3 Standards 9.3 Labour 9.3.1 Conditions of work; 9.3.2 Mobility 9.4 Capital 9.4.1 Taxation; 9.4.2 Inflation; 9.4.3 Resource mobilisation; 9.4.4 Subsidies 9.5 Transfer 9.5.1 Revaluation; 9.5.2 Policies 9.6 Demand and Supply 9.6.1 Innovation; 9.6.2 Taxation and tariffs 10 INTERDEPENDENCE ix 210 212 220 230 234 241 250 257 References 261 Index 279