Access To Geography. Development

DEVELOPMENT This page intentionally left blank access to geography DEVELOPMENT Garrett Nagle Hodder Murray A MEMBER OF THE HODDER HEADLINE GROUP To Angela, Rosie, Patrick and Bethany The publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Routledge, for extracts from The Environment: Principles and Applications by C Park (1997) used on pages 115 and 117. All photos by the author. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Murray cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: (44) 01235 827720. Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Lines are open 9.00 - 6.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.co.uk Copyright © Garrett Nagle 2005 Third edition published in 2005 by Hodder Murray, an imprint of Hodder Education, a member of the Hodder Headline Group 338 Euston Road London NW1 3BH First Published 2005 Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2005 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Cover photo shows water development in Antigua, photo by Garrett Nagle Typeset in Baskerville 10/11pt and produced by Gray Publishing, Tunbridge Wells Printed in Malta A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 0 340 88487 8 13-digit ISBN 978 0 340 88487 4 Contents Chapter 1 Development and Underdevelopment 1 Defining Development 2 Classification of Global Economic Groupings 3 Changing Ideas About Development 4 Measuring Development Case study: World Poverty 5 Income Poverty 6 The Development Gap Case study: Inequality in the UK Case study: Inequality in China 7 Development Challenges Chapter Summary 1 1 3 5 7 8 12 14 18 18 19 21 Chapter 2 Strategies of Development 1 Causes of Underdevelopment Case study: Sudan and Bangladesh 2 Explaining Inequalities in Development 3 Alternative Models of Development 4 Strategies for Change Case study: Developing Africa’s Economy Chapter Summary 23 23 25 26 30 33 33 34 Chapter 3 Population and Food Supply 1 Population Case study: Fertility in the Arab World 2 Population Mortality 3 Population Structure Case study: Germany’s Declining Population 4 Growth Rates Case study: World Population Growth Case study: UK’s Population Growth 5 Population Projections and Population Policies Case study: Antinatalist Policies in China 6 Disease Case study: Health Problems for Australia’s Aborigines 7 Hunger and Malnutrition Case study: Hunger in Msekeni, Malawi 8 Food Supply Chapter Summary 35 35 36 39 40 43 44 44 46 47 47 49 Settlement and Development 1 Urbanisation Case study: Urbanisation in China 2 Megacities and World Cities 61 61 62 63 Chapter 4 49 50 54 55 59