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Integrating a discussion of the application of quantitative methods with practical examples, this book explains the philosophy of the new quantitative methodologies and contrasts them with the methods associated with geography's 'Quantitative Revolution' of the 1960s. Key issues discussed include: the nature of modern quantitative geography; spatial data; geographical information systems; visualization; local analysis; point pattern analysis; spatial regression; and statistical inference. Concluding with a review of models used in spatial theory, the authors discuss the current challenges to spatial data analysis.
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Qualitative Geography n o s e v i t c e p Pers is ys l a n A a t a Spatial D A Stewart Fotheringham, Chris Brunsdon & Martin Chalrton eBook covers_pj orange.indd 10 29/1/08 8:13:34 pm Quantitative Geography QUANTITATIVE GEOGRAPHY Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis · A. Stewart Fotheringham · Chris Brunsdon · Martin Charlton 2005 imprint 20/4/05 17:02 Page 1 # A. Stewart Fotheringham, Chris Brunsdon, Martin Charlton 2000 First published 2000 , Reprinted 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the Publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Bonhill Oliver’s Street Yard, 55 City Road, 6 London EC1Y 1SP London EC2A 4PU SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B1/I1 MohanMarket Cooperative Industrial Area 32, M-Block Mathura Kailash Road, New Greater - I Delhi 110 044 India Delhi 110 048 New SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-7619-5947-2 ISBN 978-0-7619-5948-9 (pbk) Library of Congress catalog record available Typeset by Keytec Typesetting Ltd., Bridport, Dorset Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge, Wiltshire To our parents Contents Preface 1 2 3 xi Establishing the Boundaries 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Setting the scene What is quantitative geography? Applications of quantitative geography Recent developments in quantitative geography Summary Notes 1 1 4 8 10 13 14 Spatial Data 15 The Role of Geographical Information Systems 30 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Introduction Spatial data capture Spatial objects Location on the globe; location on a plane Distance Representing spatial data Models for spatial data 2.7.1 The vector model 2.7.2 The raster model 2.8 Programming with spatial data 2.8.1 Point-in-polygon operations 2.8.2 The use of complex numbers to represent spatial data 2.9 Problems and opportunities 2.10 Summary Notes 3.1 3.2 Introduction Simple GIS-based spatial analysis 3.2.1 Feature selection by attribute 3.2.2 Feature selection by geometric intersection 3.2.3 Buffering features 3.2.4 Geometric intersection: union 3.2.5 Geometric intersection: intersection 3.2.6 Proximity 3.2.7 Contiguity 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 25 29 29 30 32 32 33 34 35 37 38 41 viii CONTENTS 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.2.8 Interpolation and ®elds 3.2.9 Density functions 3.2.10 Analysis on networks 3.2.11 Query Advanced GIS-based spatial analysis 3.3.1 Data-integration and management 3.3.2 Exploration 3.3.3 Post-modelling visualization Problems 3.4.1 Error modelling 3.4.2 Cross-area aggregat