Fiber-Optic Communications Systems, Third Edition. Govind P. Agrawal Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBNs: 0-471-21571-6 (Hardback); 0-471-22114-7 (Electronic) Fiber-Optic Communication Systems Third Edition GOVIND E?AGRAWAL The Institute of Optics University of Rochester Rochester:NY 623 WILEYINTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including uploading, downloading, printing, decompiling, recording or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: