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Vortex Dynamics, Statistical Mechanics, an Planetary Atmospheres 7195tp.indd 1 3/17/09 9:30:10 AM This page intentionally left blank Vottex Dynamics, Statistical Mechanics, and Planetary Atmospheres Chjan C Lim • Xueru Ding • Joseph Nebus Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA World Scientific NEW JERSEY 7195tp.indd 2 • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TA I P E I • CHENNAI 3/17/09 9:30:14 AM Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lim, Chjan C. Vortex dynamics, statistical mechanics, and planetary atmospheres / Chjan C. Lim, Xueru Ding & Joseph Nebus. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-981-283-912-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 981-283-912-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-981-283-913-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 981-283-913-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Planets--Atmospheres--Statistical methods. 2. Planets--Atmospheres--Mathematical models. 3. Vortex-motion--Statistical methods. 4. Vortex-motion--Mathematical models. 5. Monte Carlo method. 6. Fluid dynamics. 7. Statistical mechanics. I. Ding, Xueru. II. Nebus, Joseph. III. Title. QB603.A85L5 2009 551.51'509992--dc22 2009000099 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright © 2009 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. Printed in Singapore. EH - Vortex Dynamics.pmd 1 2/24/2009, 5:02 PM February 24, 2009 14:26 World Scientific Book - 9in x 6in Preface This book would not have been written if not for the generosity of the funding agencies, providing sufficient amounts of monies from 2004 - 2008 to buy the computer equipment and most significantly, to support two capable PhD students and two M.Sc graduate students. With one of these recent PhDs, Dr. Xueru Ding, and another PhD student, Dr. Joseph Nebus, we now record the results and products of our work over the last four years, which is informed by several years of earlier works in the subject matter of the book. We would like to acknowledge therefore the program officers, Dr. Chris Arney of the Army Research Office, and Dr. Walt Polansky and Dr. Gary Johnson of the United States Department of Energy. Many people have contributed to the possibility of this monograph through their works and through helpful discussions but it is only possible to name a few here - the others will have to be content with the knowledge that they and their works are nonetheless appreciated by us. They are Denis Blackmore, Alexey Borizov, Alexandre Chorin, Peter Constantin, Tony Del Genio, Felix Donohue, La Salle PJ, Weinan E, Joe Flaherty, Marty Golubitsky, Tom Hou, Andrew Ingersoll, Joe Keller, Peter Lax, Chuck Leith, David Liao, La Salle PJ, Lin San of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Paul Newton, Bob O’Malley, Don Saari, Leslie Sage, Lawrence