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CONTRIBUTORS Dale Ε. Brandon J. P. Chevalier E. Heidecker Harry S. Ladd Alan R. Lloyd W. G. H. Maxwell John D. Milliman D. R. Stoddart F. W. Whitehouse BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF CORAL REEFS EDITED B Y O. A. JONES Department of Geology University of Queensland St. Lucia, Brisbane Queensland, Australia VOLUME ACADEMIC A Subsidiary PRESS of Harcourt R. ENDEAN Department of Zoology University of Queensland St. Lucia, Brisbane Queensland, Australia I: G e o l o g y 1 New York and London Brace Jovanovich, Publishers 1973 COPYRIGHT © 1973, B Y ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART O F THIS PUBLICATION M A Y B E REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY F O R M OR B Y ANY MEANS, E L E C T R O N I C OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL S Y S T E M , W I T H O U T PERMISSION IN WRITING F R O M T H E P U B L I S H E R . A C A D E M I C PRESS, I N C . I l l Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by A C A D E M I C PRESS, I N C . ( L O N D O N ) L T D . 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 LIBRARY O F CONGRESS CATALOG CARD N U M B E R : PRINTED IN T H E UNITED STATES O F AMERICA 72-84368 To the Great members who knowledge of Professor H. E. J. Goddard, Barrier Reef Committee, its office-bearers and its many have worked unremittingly for fifty years to further our the Great Barrier Reef; and to the memory of geologist C. Richards, one of its founders, and biologist Professor an early enthusiastic supporter LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. DALE E. BRANDON, ESSO Production Research Co., Houston, Texas ( 1 8 7 ) J. P. CHEVALIER, Museum of Natural History, Paris, France ( 1 1 3 , 1 4 3 ) E. HEIDECKER, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia ( 2 7 3 ) HARRY S. LADD, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. ( 9 3 ) ALAN R. LLOYD,* French's Forest, New South Wales, Australia ( 3 4 7 ) W. G. H. MAXWELL,f Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Sydney, Sydney N. S. W., Australia (233, 299) JOHN D. MILLIMAN, Woods Hole Océanographie Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts ( 1 ) D. R. STODDART, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England ( 5 1 ) F. W. WHITEHOUSE,** Department of Geology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (169) * Present address: P.O.B. 1 7 5 , Eastwood, N.S.W., Australia. t Present address: Appraisals Mining and Geological, Chatswood Ν.S.W., Australia. Deceased. xi GENERAL PREFACE This four-volume work (two volumes covering geological and two biological topics) originated from an article on The Great Barrier Reefs of Australia written by the editors and published in the November 1967 issue of Science. The prime aim of this treatise is to publish in one source as many as possible of the major advances made in the diverse facets of coral reef problems, advances scattered in a multitude of papers and published in a variety of journals. Initially a one-volume work was projected, but the wealth of material available led to this four-volume treatise. Two contain chapters on aspects of geomorphology, tectonics, sedimentology, hydrology, and radiometric chronology relevant to coral reefs, and two accommodate articles on pertinent biological topics. The task of organizing the contributions by some forty-one authors (situated in eight different countries) on forty-six different topics proved a formidable one. W e wish to thank the contributors, all of whom have been as cooperative as their teaching and/or other commitments permitted. We feel that the material presented in