RADIOACTIVITY IN THE ENVIRONMENT A companion series to the Journal of Environmental Radioactivity Series Editor M.S. Baxter Ampfield House Clachan Seil Argyll, Scotland, UK Volume 1: Plutonium in the Environment (A. Kudo, Editor) Volume 2: Interactions of Microorganisms with Radionuclides (F.R. Livens and M. Keith-Roach, Editors) Volume 3: Radioactive Fallout after Nuclear Explosions and Accidents (Yu.A. Izrael, Author) Volume 4: Modelling Radioactivity in the Environment (E.M. Scott, Editor) Volume 5: Sedimentary Processes: Quantification Using Radionuclides ( J. Carroll and I. Lerche, Authors) Volume 6: Marine Radioactivity (H.D. Livingston, Editor) Volume 7: The Natural Radiation Environment VII ( J.P. McLaughlin, S.E. Simopoulos and F. Steinha¨usler, Editors) Volume 8: Radionuclides in the Environment (P.P. Povinec and J.A. Sanchez-Cabeza, Editors) Volume 9: Deep Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste (R. Alexander and L. McKinley, Editors) Volume 10: Radioactivity in the Terrestrial Environment (G. Shaw, Editor) Volume 11: Analysis of Environment Radionuclides (P.P. Povinec, Editor) Volume 12: Radioactive Aerosols (C. Papastefanou, Author) Volume 13: U–Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems (S. Krishnaswami and J. Kirk Cochran, Editors) VOLUME THIRTEEN RADIOACTIVITY IN THE ENVIRONMENT U–Th SERIES NUCLIDES IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS Editors S. KRISHNASWAMI Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, India J. KIRK COCHRAN Marine Sciences Research Center, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 2008 Copyright r 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email:
[email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-08-045012-4 ISSN: 1569-4860 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in Hungary 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 DEDICATION TO KARL K. TUREKIAN This volume is dedicated to our guru, colleague and friend Karl K. Turekian. Karl, through his numerous students and post-docs, many drawn from various international institutes, has been involved in virtually every aspect of the applications of U- and Th-series nuclides