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SUGAR SCIENCES Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vol. 6. Vol.7. Vol. 8. Vol. 9. Standard Fabrication Practices for Cane Sugar Mills (Delden) Manufacture and Refining of Raw Cane Sugar (Baikow) By-Products of the Cane Sugar Industry (Paturau) Unit Operations in Cane Sugar Production (Payne) Noël Deerr: Classic Papers of a Sugar Cane Technologist (Payne, Compiler) The Energy Cane Alternative (Alexander) Handbook of Cane Sugar Engineering (Hugot, 3rd edition) Management Accounting for the Sugar Cane Industry (Fok Kam) Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet and Sugarcane (Clarke and Godshall, Editors) sugar series, 9 chemistry and processing of sugarbeet and sugarcane Proceedings of the Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet, Denver, Colorado, April 6 , 1 9 8 7 and the Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarcane, New Orleans, Louisiana, September 3 - 4 , 1 9 8 7 edited by Margaret A. Clarke and Mary An Godshall Sugar Processing Research, Inc., 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, U.S.A. Elsevier Amsterdam — Oxford — New York — Tokyo 1988 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Distributors for the United States and Canada: ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC. 52, Vanderbilt Avenue New York, NY 10017, U.S.A. ISBN 0-444-43020-2(Vol. 9) ISBN 0-444-41897-0(Series) © Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V./Physical Sciences & Engineering Division, P.O. Box 330, 1000 AH Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers in the USA - This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocpies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be referred to the publisher. No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Printed in The Netherlands This book is dedicated to the memory of Benjamin A. Oxnard VII PREFACE In 1987, the American Chemical Society held its spring meeting in Denver, Colorado, an historic center of the U.S. beet sugar industry, and its fall meeting in New Orleans, a traditional center of the U.S. cane sugar industry. The settings initiated the idea for symposia on the two sugar crops and their processing industries. Papers from these symposia are published in this book. The world of sugar production has undergone massive changes in the last ten years: increased production in the European countries has made an additional three to four million tons of white sugar annually available on world markets; replacement of cane and beet sugars in the U.S. by cheaper corn syrups has reduced imports from sugarcane-growing tropical countries by 80Z or almost four million tons; increase in sugar consumption within these same countries has increased the demand there for white sugar and created a demand for systems to produce more high grade white sugars for small initial investment. The overall effect has been an apparent surplus of sugar, now fortunately diminishing. The ample supply has had its negative effect on price, and so processing costs have been tightly trimmed, or, in many countries, cut to the bone. Th