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FESTKORPERPROBLEME ADVANCES IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS 26 Walter Schottky (Pretzfeld 1961) FESTK(JRPER PROBLEME ADVANCESIN SOLID STATE PHYSICS 26 Plenary Lectures of the Divisions "Semiconductor Physics" "Dynamics and Statistical Mechanics" "Low Temperature Physics" "Magnetism" "Metal Physics" "Thin Films" "Surface Physics'" "Vacuum Technology" of the German Physical Society (DPG) Freudenstadt, April 7... 11,1986 Edited by P. Grosse, Aachen With 223 Figures Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Braunschweig/ Wiesbaden ISSN 0430-3393 All rights reserved 9 F riedr. Vieweg & Sohn VerlagsgeseUschaft mbH, Braunschweig 1986 No pmrt ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder. Set by Vieweg, Braunschweig Printed by Lengericher Handetsdruckerei, Lengerich Bound by W. Langeliiddeeke, Braunschweig Cover design: B~rbara Seebohm, Braunschweig ISBN 3-528-08032-9 In memoriam Walter Schottky Foreword The year 1986 is the 100th anniversary of Walter Schottky's birth. In this volume O.Madelung has delivered a commemorative address on Walter Schottky, who had initiated this book series in 1953, at that time called "Halbleiterprobleme". He was the editor of the f~rst four volumes. In addition he was the t]rst chairman of the new subdivision "Halbleiterausschut~" - also founded in spring 1953 - of the German Physical Society. This has been the origin of the modern structure of our society: the organization in subdivisions, called "Fachausschtisse". The first volumes show the spirit of Walter Schottky: he was the author of many original contributions and has written many comments on the contributions of the other authors. His concept was to edit a series of books which could serve as a compendium in modern semiconductor physics and technology. For this purpose he looked for authors willing to prepare papers by which the other members of the subdivision could be informed and introduced in the quickly developing field. He trusted in his books not to become obsolete too fast. I hope the following editors will hold Schottky's estate well - I know they have done their best so far: they have never forgotten Walter Schottky's idea to integrate semiconductor physics and technology in the work of our subdivision. On the other hand we know about the fact that the tremendous progress in semiconductor technology allows our subdivision only to cover a very narrow sector during our annual meeting. The second contribution to this volume is dedicated to the Quantum Hall Effect. G. Landwehr reports on K.v.Klitzing's hard and consequent work up to the time when he was awarded the Nobel prize. K.v.Klitzing gave an outline of his effect in this series on volume XXI, when he obtained the W. Schottky prize in 1981. The winner of the W. Schottky prize of 1986 is G. Abstreiter. His contribution to this volume concerns the diagnostics of the 2-dimensional electron gas by lightscattering methods. In the next three papers topics are considered in which W. Schottky has been engaged, too: excitons, lattice defects in semiconductors, and the Schottky-contact. These papers are presented as a retrospect on Schottky's scientific work and its present actuality. Further articles of the volume report on the impact of methods of statistical mechanics on the physics of condensed matter: an introduction to the importance of fractat structures, an article on Monte-Carlo calculations to explain phase diagrams of alloys, and another one about macroscopic quantum phenomena as observed in Josephson-junctions. V The contribution of E.Haller is dedicated to another birthday celebrant of 1986: 100 years ago the element Germanium was discoverd, one of the most import