Materials For The Study Of Navya-nyaya Logic

HARVARD ORIENTAL SERIES Edited By WALTER EUGENE CLARK Wales Professor of Sanskrit, Harvard University VOLUME FORTY MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF NAVYA-NYAYA LOGIC MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF NAVYA-NYAYA LOGIC DANIEL HENRY HOLMES INGALLS MOTILAL BANARSIDASS Delhi Varanasi Patna Bangalore Madras First Published 1951 First Indian Reprint: Delhi, 1988 MOTILAL BANARSIDASS Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi 110 007 Branches Chowk, Varanasi 221 001 Ashok Rajpath, Patna 800 004 24 Race Course Road, Bangalore 560 001 120, Royapettah High Road, Mylapore, Madras 600 004 © 1987 by MOTILAL BANARSIDASS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ISBN: 81-208-0384-1 By arrangement with the Harvard University Press PRINTED IN INDIA BY JAINENDRA PRAKASH JAIN AT SHRI JAINENDRA PRESS, A-45 NARAINA INDUSTRIAL AREA, PHASE I, NEW DELHI 110 028 AND PUBLISHED BY NARENDRA PRAKASH JAIN FOR MOTILAL BANARSIDASS, DELHI 110 0 0 7 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ï first studied Navya-nyäya logic in Calcutta in 1041 under MM. Sri Kâlïpada Tarkächärya, Lecturer in Nyâya at the Sanskrit College. It is a pleasure to express here my thanks to a teacher who carried on so worthily the tradition of Gautama and of Gangesa. His patience with me and his kindliness were as inexhaustible as his knowledge. My thanks are due also to Dr. Surendranath Dasgupta, at the time of my visit Principal of the Sanskrit College and Research Institute, for his having greatly facilitated my studies. Of compatriots, my deepest obligation is to my teacher, Professor Walter E. Clark of Harvard University, from whom I have received constant help and encouragement. In particular I must thank him for the generous care with which he has read this book in manuscript and improved it by his corrections. Professor Willard Van Orman Quine of the Harvard Department of Philosophy was so kind as to read through an earlier draft of Section II. On one or two specific points I have acknowledged his aid in a footnote, but for his general criticism of the section, which has influenced greatly its final form, I can only thank him here. Of previous workers in the same field of inquiry, I have derived most help from Dr. Saileswar Sen, who has published a translation of about one-third of the Mathura text which follows. In my writing of Section I, I have found especially useful MM. Phanibhûsana Tarkavâgïsa's Introduction to his Nyäya-paricaya. For the names of others without whose work my own would be more faulty than it is, I refer the reader to the list of works of reference. Finally I express my thanks to the Society of Fellows, which supported my studies in India and which enabled me after an interruption caused by the War to continue these studies at Harvard to their present long-delayed result. DANIEL H. H. INGALLS Society of Fellows Harvard University 1949 CONTENTS Introduction Ï I. Biographical Notes •. 4 II. An Examination of Some Theories and Techniques of Navya-Nyäya Logic 28 III. Gangesa's Vyäpti-pancaka . 86 IV. Mathuränätha's Vyäpti-pancaka-rahasya, Being His Commentary on Gangesa's Vyäpti-pancaka V. Extract from Raghunätha's Dtdhiti of the Section Commenting on 87 Gangesa's Vyäpti-pancaka . . . 154 Works of Reference 163 Sanskrit Index . . . . English Index . . . .