Introduction To Photonics

Introduction to Photonics ——— Draft WS 2000/2001 – WS 2004/2005 W. L¨ ucke Institute for Physics and Physical Technologies Clausthal University Of Technology Leibnizstraße 4 D-38678 Clausthal–Zellerfeld E 3 Preface Photonics deals with controlled production, evolution, and detection of (mainly coherent) light (photons) within the ‘optical’ region of the electromagnetic spectrum (vacuum wavelength (λ0 ) from 50 nm to 500 µm or photon energies (~ω) from 25 to 0.002 eV). With the advent of the laser non-linear properties of optical media have become essential. .. . This draft should be considered as just the germ of a more complete introduction to photonics. Recommended Literature: (Loudon, 2000; Mandel and Wolf, 1995; Vogel et al., 2001; Shen, 1984; Bachor, 1998; Saleh and Teich, 1991) 4 Contents 1 Fundamentals 1.1 Classical Electrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Maxwell Equations . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 Energy and Energy Flux of the Field 1.1.3 Frequency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Quantized Electromagnetic Radiation . . . . 1.2.1 Quantum Aspects of Light . . . . . . 1.2.2 Field Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Field Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 ‘Classical’ States of Light . . . . . . 2 Linear Optical Media 2.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 A Simple Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Exploiting Homogeneity . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Radiation off a Given Source . . . . . 2.2 Monochromatic Waves of Exponential Type 2.2.1 Basic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Simple Reflection and Refraction . . 2.2.3 Birefringent Media (Crystal Optics) . 2.3 Monochromatic Light Rays . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Group-Velocity Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .