Elementary and Intermediate Algebra A Combined Approach This page intentionally left blank F I F T H E D I T I O N Elementary and Intermediate Algebra A Combined Approach Jerome E. Kaufmann Karen L. Schwitters Seminole Community College Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain United Kingdom • United States Elementary and Intermediate Algebra: A Combined Approach, Fifth Edition Jerome E. Kaufmann, Karen L. Schwitters Mathematics Editor: Gary Whalen Development Editor: Kristin Marrs Assistant Editor: Laura Localio Editorial Assistant: Lynh Pham Technology Project Manager: Donna Kelley Marketing Manager: Greta Kleinert Marketing Assistant: Cassandra Cummings Marketing Communications Manager: Darlene Amidon-Brent Project Manager, Editorial Production: Hal Humphrey Art Director: Vernon Boes Print Buyer: Rebecca Cross Permissions Editor: Roberta Broyer Production Service: Susan Graham Text Designer: John Edeen Photo Researcher: Sarah Evertson Copy Editor: Susan Graham Illustrator: Network Graphics and G&S Typesetters Cover Designer: Lisa Henry Cover Image: Doug Smock/Getty Images Cover Printer: Compositor: Newgen–Austin Printer: Transcontinental Printing/Interglobe © 2009, 2006 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher. Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 ExamView® and ExamView Pro® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., used herein under license. © 2009 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Thomson Learning WebTutor™ is a trademark of Thomson Learning, Inc. Library of Congress Control Number: 2007906388 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-55345-8 ISBN-10: 0-495-55345-X For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to
[email protected] Contents Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Arithmetic and Algebra 1 1.1 Numerical and Algebraic Expressions 2 1.2 Prime and Composite Numbers 10 1.3 Integers: Addition and Subtraction 17 1.4 Integers: Multiplication and Division 25 1.5 Use of Properties 31 Chapter 1 Summary 41 Chapter 1 Review Problem Set 41 Chapter 1 Test 44 Chapter 2 The Real Numbers 45 2.1 Rat