The Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism The Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism FOURTH EDITION John Tribe AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA © 2011, 2005, 1999, 1995, Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of John Tribe to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (144) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (144) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail:
[email protected] You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-08-089050-0 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com Typeset by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company, Chennai, India www.macmillansolutions.com Printed and bound in Spain 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Preface to the fourth edition Recreation, leisure and tourism continue to provide a fascinating field of study for economists. The first edition of this book was written just after a period of intense recession in the UK economy. The second edition was prepared during a period of growth in the economies of the UK, the USA and Europe. But elsewhere, the economies of Japan – the second largest in the world – Brazil, Russia, and what were once referred to as the Asian tiger economies had suffered decline. The third edition was written in a period where the economic significance of China had continued to grow whilst the rest of the world economy showed a mixture of growth and economic stagnation. Additionally, tourism suffered a severe shock in the wake of 9/11 and the war in Iraq. This new fourth edition is particularly overshadowed by the (near) global recession and its effects on recreation, leisure and tourism. It is, of course, impossible to predict the economic conditions that will prevail in the year when, or the region where, this book will be read. But it is important to understand what has happened over the course of economic business cycles to prepare for what may happen in the future. The changes in fortunes of various economies are mapped out through the updated statistics which are a central feature of this fourth edition. The effects of these changes on the leisure sector are also evident in these statistics and more so in the many new and updated exhibits that illustrate the text. In some cases, original exhibits have been retained and updated so as to p