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The Mapping of Geological Structures Ken McClay Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, UK Detailed mapping and analysis of the structural features of rocks enable the 3D geometry of their structures to be reconstructed. The resulting evidence of the stresses and movement patterns which rocks have undergone indicates the processes by which they were formed, and allows evaluation of past deformations of the earth’s crust. Written to show how one actually describes, measures and records rock structures such as folds and faults with the emphasis on accuracy, detail and on-going interpretation throughout, this handbook gives students and enthusiasts the practical information and guidance which allows their fieldwork to become vastly more rewarding. "…the author is to be congratulated on producing such an excellent text. The whole range of mapping techniques that an undergraduate student will require are described and the book will still be immense help to post-graduates setting out on their research work. The book represents extremely good value and is thoroughly recommended." C.R.L. Friend, Mineralogical Magazine
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Geological Society of London Handbook H A N D B O O K SERIES EDITOR-KEITH COX The Mapping of Geological Structures K. R. McClay Department of Geology Royal Holloway and Bedford New College University of London J O H N W I L E Y & SONS Chichester • New York • Brisbane • Toronto • Singapore Copyright © 1987 K. R. McClay Reprinted in September 1991 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England First published in 1987 by Open University Press Reprinted 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 (twice), 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 (three times), 2005, 2006, 2007 All rights reserved N o part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted, or translated into a machine language without the written permission of the publisher. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag G m b H , Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McClay, K. R. (Kenneth R.) The mapping of geological structures. 1. Geology, Structural—Maps 2. Geological mapping. I. Title QE501.3.M42 1987 551'.022'2 86-9919 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data McClay, K. R. The mapping of geological structures. —(Geological Society of London handbook) 1. Geological mapping I. Title II. Series 551.8 QE36 ISBN-13 978-0471-93243-7 (P/B) Printed and bound in Great Britain by Butler and Tanner Ltd, Frome and London Contents Acknowledgements Page vi 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Fieldwork 1.3 Tectonic and structural regimes 1.4 Bedding 1.5 Synsedimentary versus tectonic structures 1.6 Basic references 1.7 Safety 17 2 Mapping techniques 2.1 Equipment 2.2 Stereograpbic projections 2.3 How to measure structures 2.4 Thefieldmap and aerial photo graphs 2.5 Field notebook 2.6 Map symbols 2.7 Oriented samples 2.8 Photography 45 3 Fold 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 structures Basic fold nomenclature Fold types Analysis and classification of folds Symmetries of parasitic minor folds Vergence Strain infolds Folds associated with Faults Kink bands Mapping of folds iii 64 4 Foliations 4.1 Common foliations 4.2 Axial planar foliations 4.3 Foliations and folds 4.