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This book deals with the emerging generation of renewable energy technologies, covering solar energy (photovoltaic, thermal and thermodynamic energy conversion), wind energy, marine energy, small hydropower, geothermal energy, biofuels, biogas and the use of wood as a substitute for fossil fuels.
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Renewable Energies Edited by Jean-Claude Sabonnadière This Page Intentionally Left Blank Renewable Energies This Page Intentionally Left Blank Renewable Energies Edited by Jean-Claude Sabonnadière First published in France in 2007 by Hermes Science/Lavoisier entitled: Nouvelles technologies de l'énergie volumes 1 et 3 © LAVOISIER, 2007 First published in Great Britain and the United States in 2009 by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd, 2009 The rights of Jean-Claude Sabonnadière to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Energies renouvelables. English Renewable energies / edited by Jean-Claude Sabonnadière. p. cm. Originally published: Paris : Hermes science, 2006: under title: Nouvelles technologies de l'énergie, Pt. 1. Energies renouvelables. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84821-135-3 1. Renewable energy sources. I. Sabonnadière, Jean-Claude II. Title. TJ808.N6913 2009 621.042--dc22 2009017410 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-84821-135-3 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne. Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Chapter 1. Photovoltaic Electricity Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Jean-Claude MULLER 1.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Photovoltaic conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1. I-V characteristics of a cell and conversion output . . 1.3. Cells with a crystalline silicon base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1. Raw silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2. Monocrystalline silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2.1. Techniques for growing monocrystals . . . . . . . 1.3.2.2. Record for cells on monocrystals . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3. Multicrystalline silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3.1. Techniques for growing multicrystals . . . . . . . . 1.3.3.2. Improvement in performance of cells created from multicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4. Silicon in self-supported ribbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4.1. Growing techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4.2. Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. Cells in thin films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1. Polycrystalline silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2. Nanocrystalline and amorphous silicon . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2.1. State of the art and ne