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"Advances in Geosciences" is the result of a concerted effort in bringing the latest results and planning activities related to earth and space science in Asia and the international arena. The volume editors are all leading scientists in their research fields covering five sections: Solid Earth (SE), Solar Terrestrial (ST), Planetary Science (PS), Hydrological Science (HS), and Oceans and Atmospheres (OA). The main purpose is to highlight the scientific issues essential to the study of earthquakes, tsunamis, climate change, drought, flood, typhoons, space weathers, and planetary exploration.
E-Book Content
A d v a n c e s i n Geosciences Volume 5: Oceans and Atmospheres (OA) ADVANCES IN GEOSCIENCES A 5-Volume Set Editor-in-Chief: Wing-Huen Ip (National Central University, Taiwan) Volume 1: Solid Earth (SE) ISBN 981-256-985-5 Volume 2: Solar Terrestrial (ST) ISBN 981-256-984-7 Volume 3: Planetary Science (PS) ISBN 981-256-983-9 Volume 4: Hydrological Science (HS) ISBN 981-256-982-0 Volume 5: Oceans and Atmospheres (OA) ISBN 981-256-981-2 A d v a n c e s i n Geosciences Volume 5: Oceans and Atmospheres (OA) Editor-in-Chief Wing-Huen Ip National Central University, Taiwan Volume Editor-in-Chief Hyo Choi Kangnung National University, Korea World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TA I P E I • CHENNAI Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, Lond