Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles edited by Seref Soylu SCIYO Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles Edited by Seref Soylu Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 Sciyo All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by Sciyo, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jelena Marusic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright icetray, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.sciyo.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from
[email protected] Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles, Edited by Seref Soylu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-100-8 SCIYO.COM WHERE KNOWLEDGE IS FREE free online editions of Sciyo Books, Journals and Videos can be found at www.sciyo.com Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Examination of an Urban City Bus Operating Conditions and Emissions Seref Soylu, Ayda Bal, Hülya Semercioglu and Eyup Fatih Ay Chapter 2 Hourly Traffic Flow Predictions by Different ANN Models Vedat TOPUZ 1 13 Chapter 3 Local and Global Iterative Algorithms for Real-Time Short-term Traffic Flow Prediction 29 Eleni I. Vlahogianni, Ph.D and Matthew G. Karlaftis, Ph.D. Chapter 4 Computer Vision Techniques for Background Modelling in Urban Traffic Monitoring 39 José Manuel Milla, Sergio L. Toral, Manuel Vargas and Federico Barrero Chapter 5 Urban Air Quality and Road Traffic Air Pollution Modelling of Szeged Tamás Weidinger, Györgyi Baranka, László Makra and András Zénó Gyöngyösi Chapter 6 Optimization of Traffic Behavior via Fluid Dynamic Approach Ciro D’Apice, Rosanna Manzo and Benedetto Piccoli Chapter 7 Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of Electrochemical Energy Systems for Electric Vehicles Lucia Gauchia and Javier Sanz 127 Chapter 8 Analysis of the Regenerative Braking System for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle using Electro-Mechanical Brakes Ki Hwa Jung, Donghyun Kim, Hyunsoo Kim and Sung-Ho Hwang Chapter 9 Control of Electric Vehicle 163 Qi Huang, Jian Li and Yong Chen 103 151 61 Preface Urban transport system is crucial for economic and social development of our society as it meets challenging mobility requirements of urban agglomerations. The requirements are challenging because road transport, which is the most problematic transport mode, is dominating the urban transport activities. The main problems with the road transport are that the infrastructure is not generally sufficient for whole traffic conditions and the vehicles are powered by internal combustion engines that require fossil fuels to burn and emit pollutant emissions during their normal operations. Internal combustion engines have been used successfully for almost