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Food and Agricultural Wastewater Utilization and Treatment focuses on the cost-effective treatment technologies specific for food and agriculture wastewater and possible economical recovery of valuable substances from wastewater during common food processing and postharvest operations using innovative technologies. The technologies included in the book are not a mere collection of all known relevant technologies. Instead, priority consideration is given to those technologies that can not only solve the environmental problem of wastewater disposal but also reduce the wastewater management cost in the long run for food and agriculture industries. The book combines past decades of research on food and agricultural wastewater issues with an abundance of emerging research on innovative separation technologies to separate biological molecules from complex biological systems. Food technologists as well as environmental and agricultural engineers/scientists will find Food and Agricultural Wastewater Utilization and Treatment invaluable in their quest of improving food and agricultural wastewater management.
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Food and Agricultural Wastewater Utilization and Treatment Food and Agricultural Wastewater Utilization and Treatment Sean X. Liu Department of Food Science Rutgers University Sean X. Liu, Ph.D., is Professor in the Department of Food Science and serves as the Director of the Bioresource Engineering Graduate Program at Rutgers University in New Jersey. He has a Bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from East China University of Science and Technology and Master’s and Ph.D. degrees, also in chemical engineering, from Kansas State University. He is the author of more than 50 technical journal articles, book chapters, reports, and proceedings related to wastewater treatment and food processing. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing All rights reserved Blackwell Publishing Professional 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014, USA Orders: Office: Fax: Web site: 1-800-862-6657 1-515-292-0140 1-515-292-3348 www.blackwellprofessional.com Blackwell Publishing Ltd 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel.: +44 (0)1865 776868 Blackwell Publishing Asia 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel.: +61 (0)3 8359 1011 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-1423-0 /2007. First edition, 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Liu, Sean X. Food and agricultural wastewater utilization and treatment/Sean X. Liu.—1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8138-1423-0 (alk. paper) 1. Agricultural wastes—Management. 2. Sewage—Purification. I. Title. TD930.L578 2007 628⬘.746—dc22 2007012759 The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1 ix Introduction 3 Characteristics of Agricultural and Food Wastewater 3 Material Balances and Stoichiometry 21 Fluid Flow Rate and Mass Loading 24 Kinetics and Reaction Rates 24 Theoretical Modeling and Design of Biological Reactors Process Economics 31 Chapter 2 Basic Microbiology in Wastewater Treatment Introduction 35 Structures of Cells 36 Important Microorganisms in Wastewater Microbial Metabolism 44 Nitrification 46 Denitrification 48 Chapter 3 v 65 35 37 Physicochemical Wastewater Treatment Processes Introduction 51 Equalizat