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ORPHEUS AND POWER This page intentionally left blank ORPHEUS AND POWER THE MOVIMENTO NEGRO OF R I O D E J A N E I R O A N D S a O P A U L O, B R A Z I L, 1 9 4 5 – 1 9 8 8 Michael George Hanchard PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS P R I N C E T O N, N E W J E R S E Y COPYRIGHT 1994 BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, 41 WILLIAM STREET, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 08540 IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, CHICHESTER, WEST SUSSEX ALL RIGHTS RESERVED LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA HANCHARD, MICHAEL GEORGE ORPHEUS AND POWER: THE MOVIMENTO NEGRO OF RIO DE JANEIRO AND SaO PAULO, BRAZIL, 1945–1988 / MICHAEL GEORGE HANCHARD. P. CM. INCLUDES BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES AND INDEX. ISBN 0-691-03292-0 F2659.A1H36 305.8′00981—DC20 1994 93-38137 CIP THIS BOOK HAS BEEN COMPOSED IN GALLIARD PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS BOOKS ARE PRINTED ON ACID-FREE PAPER, AND MEET THE GUIDELINES FOR PERMANENCE AND DURABILITY OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRODUCTION GUIDELINES FOR BOOK LONGEVITY OF THE COUNCIL ON LIBRARY RESOURCES PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 For Constance Farquhar MY GRANDMOTHER IN BOTH GOOD TIMES AND BAD This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix INTRODUCTION 3 PART ONE: RACIAL HEGEMONY ONE Racial Politics: Terms, Theory, Methodology 13 TWO Brazilian Racial Politics: An Overview and Reconceptualization THREE Racial Democracy: Hegemony, Brazilian Style 43 PART TWO: NEGATION AND CONTESTATION FOUR Formations of Racial Consciousness 77 FIVE Movements and Moments 99 SIX Racial Politics and National Commemorations: The Struggle for Hegemony 142 SEVEN Conclusion NOTES 155 169 APPENDIX 189 BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX 201 191 31 This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS S EVERAL PEOPLE both in Brazil and the United States greatly aided me in understanding the similarities and dissimilarities of Brazil. My dissertation committee, which consisted of professors Henry Bienen, Kay Warren, and Emilia Viotti da Costa, provided invaluable guidance in helping me develop both the form and content of my research. Each in his or her own way, helped me avoid historical and conceptual errors, in addition to giving moral support. Much thanks to my gang of three. Discussions with Forrest Colburn, Michael Jimenez, Peter Johnson, Ben Ross Schneider, Stanley Stein, and members of the MacArthur interdisciplinary seminar on national conflict also helped sophisticate my thinking about the intersections of race, gender, and national identity. Their comments on my written work also helped me become a more conscientious scholar than I might have been otherwise. I also gained valuable insights from Frank Rosengarten, who led me through the intricacies of Antonio Gramsci’s ethico-political stances. Thanks also to Anani Dzidzienyo, Thomas Skidmore, and the anonymous reviewers for Princeton. As rigorous but encouraging readers, their painstaking critiques of earlier drafts spared me errors of conceptualization and historical fact. An entire paragraph belongs to my principal interlocutor, Howard Winant, with whom I have discussed issues of racial theory in general and Brazilian race relations in particular over the past five years. A ruthless critic as well as a source of inspiration, Howard, more than any single person, has made me realize that most scholarship is the implicit result of a collective effort. In Austin, Texas, I received constructive criticism from Richard Graham, who made incisive comments on an earlier ve