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Plant Architecture and Its Manipulation Annual Plant Reviews A series for researchers and postgraduates in the plant sciences. Each volume in this series focuses on a theme of topical importance, and emphasis is placed on rapid publication. Editorial Board: Professor Jeremy A. Roberts (Editor-in-Chief), Plant Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; Professor Hidemasa Imaseki, Obata-Minami 2 4 19, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463, Japan; Dr Michael T. McManus, Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Dr Jocelyn K.C. Rose, Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. Titles in the series: 1. Arabidopsis Edited by M. Anderson and J.A. Roberts 2. Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism Edited by M. Wink 3. Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolites and their Exploitation in Biotechnology Edited by M. Wink 4. Molecular Plant Pathology 5. Vacuolar Compartments 6. Plant Reproduction Edited by M. Dickinson and J. Beynon Edited by D.G. Robinson and J.C. Rogers Edited by S.D. O’Neill and J.A. Roberts 7. Protein–Protein Interactions in Plant Biology W.A. Laing and A.C. Allan Edited by M.T. McManus, 8. The Plant Cell Wall Edited by J.K.C. Rose 9. The Golgi Apparatus and the Plant Secretory Pathway Edited by D.G. Robinson 10. The Plant Cytoskeleton in Cell Differentiation and Development P.J. Hussey 11. Plant–Pathogen Interactions 12. Polarity in Plants 13. Plastids Edited by N.J. Talbot Edited by K. Lindsey Edited by S.G. Møller 14. Plant Pigments and their Manipulation 15. Membrane Transport in Plants Edited by K.M. Davies Edited by M.R. Blatt 16. Intercellular Communication in Plants Edited by A.J. Fleming 17. Plant Architecture and its Manipulation Edited by C.G.N. Turnbull Edited by Plant Architecture and its Manipulation Edited by Colin G.N. Turnbull Department of Agricultural Sciences Imperial College London Wye Campus, Kent UK © 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Editorial Offices: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel: 44 (0)1865 776868 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel: 61 (0)3 8359 1011 ISBN 1-4051-2128-9 Published in the USA and Canada (only) by CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA Orders from the USA and Canada (only) to CRC Press LLC USA and Canada only: ISBN 0-8493-2353-3 The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. First published 2005 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: A catalog record for this title is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record