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The Environment in Anthropology The Environment in Anthropology A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living edited by Nora Haenn and Richard R. Wilk a New York University Press new york and lond on new york universit y press New York and London www.nyu press.org © 2006 by New York University All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The environment in anthropology: a reader in ecology, culture, and sustainable living / edited by Nora Haenn and Richard Wilk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–8147–3637–8 (alk . paper) — ISBN 0–8147–3636–X (cloth: alk . paper) 1. Human ecology. 2. Applied anthropology. I. Haenn, Nora, 1967– II. Wilk, Richard R. GF8.E58 304.2–dc22 2005 2005050525 New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. Manufactured in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Acknowledgments General Introduction to the Reader s e c t i o n 1 : Theoretical Foundations 1 The Concept and Method of Cultural Ecology ix 1 3 5 Julian Steward 2 Smallholders, Householders 10 Robert Netting 3 Ecosystem Ecology in Biology and Anthropology 15 Emilio Moran 4 Gender and the Environment: A Feminist Political Ecology Perspective 27 Dianne Rocheleau, Barbara Thomas-Slayter, and Esther Wangari 5 A View from a Point: Ethnoecology as Situated Knowledge 34 Virginia D. Nazarea 6 The New Ecological Anthropology 40 Conrad P. Kottak 7 Normative Behavior 53 I. G. Simmons s e c t i o n 2 : Population 8 Some Perspectives and Implications 73 75 Ester Boserup 9 Beyond Malthus: Sixteen Dimensions of the Population Problem 80 Lester Brown, Gary Gardner, and Brian Halweil 10 Reproductive Mishaps and Western Contraception: An African Challenge to Fertility Theory 87 Caroline Bledsoe, Fatoumatta Banja, and Allan G. Hill v vi Contents 11 Gender, Population, Environment 113 Sally Ethelston 12 The Environment as Geopolitical Threat: Reading Robert Kaplan’s “Coming Anarchy” 118 Simon Dalby s e c t i o n 3 : Large-Scale Economic Development 13 Energy and Tools 137 139 Leslie White 14 The Growth of World Urbanism 145 Charles Redman 15 The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development” and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho 163 James Ferguson with Larry Lohmann 16 Income Levels and the Environment 173 Wilfred Beckerman 17 Staying Alive: Women, Ecology, and Development 183 Vandana Shiva 18 Measuring up to Sustainability 191 Alan Fricker s e c t i o n 4 : Conserving Biodiversity 19 The Third Stage of Ecological Anthropology: Processual Approaches 203 205 Ben Orlove 20 Conflicts over Development and Environmental Values: The International Ivory Trade in Zimbabwe’s Historical Context 215 Kevin A. Hill 21 The Power of Environmental Knowledge: Ethnoecology and Environmental Conflicts in Mexican Conservation 226 Nora Haenn 22 Holding Ground 237 Kent Redford, Katrina Brandon, and Steven Sanderson 23 Does Biodiversity Ex