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Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is widely used as a research tool in bioch- istry and biophysics. These uses of fluorescence have resulted in extensive knowledge of the structure and dynamics of biological macromolecules. This information has been gained by studies of phenomena that affect the excited state, such as the local environment, quenching processes, and energy transfer. Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Volume 4: Probe Design and Chemical Sensing reflects a new trend, which is the use of time-resolved fluorescence in analytical and clinical chemistry. These emerging applications of time-resolved fluorescence are the result of continued advances in laser detector and computer technology. For instance, pho- multiplier tubes (PMT) were previously bulky devices. Miniature PMTs are now available, and the performance of simpler detectors is continually improving. There is also considerable effort to develop fluorophores that can be excited with the red/ne- infrared (NIR) output of laser diodes. Using such probes, one can readily imagine small time-resolved fluorometers, even hand-held devices, being used fordoctor’s office or home health care.
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Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy Volume 4 Probe Design and Chemical Sensing Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy Edited by JOSEPH R. LAKOWICZ Volume Volume Volume Volume 1: Techniques 2: Principles 3: Biochemical Applications 4: Probe Design and Chemical Sensing Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy Volume 4 Probe Design and Chemical Sensing Edited by JOSEPH R. LAKOWICZ Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Department of Biological Chemistry University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: Print ISBN: 0-306-47060-8 0-306-44784-3 ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©1994 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers New York All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://kluweronline.com http://ebooks.kluweronline.com Contributors J. Ricardo Alcala • Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Shabbir B. Bambot • Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21228; and Medical Biotechnology Center of the Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 David J. S. Birch • Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, Scotland, United Kingdom Gary Carter • Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21228 Guillermo A. Casay • Georgia 30303 Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Anthony W. Czarnik • Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 B. A. DeGraff • Department of Chemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807 J. N. Demas • Department of Chemistry and Biophysics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 K. T, V Grattan • Department of Physics, Measurement and Instrumentation Centre, School of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics, City University, London EC1 V0HB, United Kingdom Raja Holavanahali • Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21228 Graham Hungerford • Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, Scotland,