PUBLIC SENTINEL NEWS MEDIA & GOVERNANCE REFORM PIPPA NORRIS, Editor PUBLIC SENTINEL NEWS MEDIA & GOVERNANCE REFORM PUBLIC SENTINEL NEWS MEDIA & GOVERNANCE REFORM PIPPA NORRIS Editor Copyright © 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail:
[email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10 This volume is the product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly to reproduce portions of the work. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, Tel: 978-750-8400, Fax: 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, Fax: 202-522-2422, email:
[email protected] ISBN: 978-0-8213-8200-4 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8201-1 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8200-4 Cover photo: North Head Lighthouse with the Pacific Ocean in the background: Harald Sund/Getty Images. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Public sentinel : news media & governance reform / Pippa Norris, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8213-8200-4 -- ISBN 978-0-8213-8201-1 (electronic) 1. Mass media--Political aspects. 2. Journalism--Political aspects. 3. Press and politics. 4. Democracy. 5. Representative government and representation. I. Norris, Pippa. II. World Bank. P95.8.P93 2010 302.23--dc22 2009041783 Contents Foreword ix About the Contributors xi Preface and Acknowledgments xix Abbreviations xxi Part I 1 Introduction: Framing the Debate 1 Evaluating Media Performance 3 Pippa Norris and Sina Odugbemi 2 Diagnostic Tools and Performance Indicators 31 Andrew Puddephatt Part II The Democratic Roles of Media Systems 57 AGENDA SETTERS: SETTING PRIORITIES 3 Media Coverage of Natural Disasters and Humanitarian Crises 61 Susan D. Moeller 4 Media Agenda Setting and Donor Aid 85 Douglas A. Van Belle WATCHDOGS: GUARDING GOVERNANCE 5 Corruption and the Watchdog Role of the News Media 111 Sheila S. Coronel 6 The Media, Government Accountability, and Citizen Engagement 137 Katrin V