ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology VOLUME 28 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME Sumbo H. Abiose K. E. Aidoo M . C. Allan P. Brodelius R. Hendry Rup La1 Torbjorn G. I. Ling Vedpal Singh Malik Bo Mattiasson K. Mosbach Matts Ramstorp B. J. B. Wood ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology Edited by ALLEN 1. LASKIN Exxon Research and Engineering Company Linden, New Jersey VOLUME 28 @ 1982 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Paris San Diego San Francisco SBo Paulo Sydney Tokyo Toronto COPYRIGHT @ 1982, BY ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published b y ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ( L O N D O N ) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London N W l 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:5 9 - - 1 3 8 2 3 ISBN 0-12-002628-7 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 82 83 84 85 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .................................................... ix Immobilized Plant Cells I. Introduction P. BRODELIUSAND K. MOSBACH ......................... .. .. .... ... ... . 11. Immobilized Plant Cells 111. Riosynthetic Capacity of Permeabilized Plant Cel V. Immobilization of Protoplasts IV. References .......... ...., .., ....., ., .... ....., ., . ., .. .. ... ... .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . ... ......................... ...... .. ....... . 1 4 14 22 24 24 25 Genetics and Biochemistry of Secondary Metabolism VEDPAL SINGH MALIK ............................................. 1. Introduction 11. Illegitimate Genome Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Enzymes of Semndary Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Controlling Effect of the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . V. V1. VII. VIII. IX. X. .......... Genetics of Sermdary Metabo Control of Secondary Metaboli ............... Regulation of Autotoxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Secondary Metabolism, Sporulation, and Exoenzyme Formation . . . . . . . . . . . Role of Semndary Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilogue.. . . . . . . . ............................................ References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 31 32 38 39 53 86 94 97 101 101 Partition Affinity Ligand Assay (PALA): Applications in the Analysis of Haptens, Macromolecules, and Cells €30 I. 11. 111. IV. MATTIASSON, MATTS RAMSTOW, AND TORBJORN G. I. LING Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phase Partitioning.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Principle of Partition Affinity Ligand Assay (PALA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phase Systems . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V 117 118 118 120 vi CONTENTS V. VI . VII . VIII . IX . X. XI . XI1. XI11. Modifcation of Partition ..................................... Influence of Salt on Partition ..............