E-Book Overview
The present volume is a corpus-based study of the occurrence, variation, and change in the use of English adjective pairs in -ic and -ical over several centuries. The study involves the analysis of large, multi-million-word corpora representing the English language at various stages. It examines the nature of competition between the two affixes: what kind of rivalry existed, what kinds of words entered into competition, and in what ways the rivalry was resolved. The book presents close studies of six notably differentiated -ic/-ical adjective pairs, namely classic/classical, comic/comical, economic/economical, electric/electrical, historic/historical, and magic/magical, as well as commentaries on some 40 other -ic/-ical pairs, which manifest different types of shifts in use through history. It also includes critical discussion of general perceptions on and approaches to the practical use of corpora, stressing the importance of close and careful study of the materials under analysis. It further emphasises the value of consulting a variety of sources alongside corpora, including dictionaries and language usage manuals. This volume is of interest to language scholars in many fields, including corpus linguistics, diachronic linguistics, semantic change, lexicology, and word formation. Table of contents*** Preface*** Chapter 1. Introduction*** Chapter 2. Materials used in the study*** Chapter 3. Earlier observations and empirical studies*** Chapter 4. The history of new adjectives ending in ic and ical*** Chapter 5. Excellence, tradition, and ancient Greeks: classic/classical*** Chapter 6. Perspectives on amusement: the use of comic/comical*** Chapter 7. Arranging the motions of resources: economic/economical*** Chapter 8. Shocks, sparks and excitement vs. engineering: electric/electrical*** Chapter 9. The past and the important things in it: historic/historical*** Chapter 10. From supernatural powers to exciting football games: magic/magical*** Chapter 11. Obsolescence
E-Book Content
Variation and change in the lexicon LANGUAGE AND COMPUTERS: STUDIES IN PRACTICAL LINGUISTICS No 63 edited by Christian Mair Charles F. Meyer Nelleke Oostdijk Variation and change in the lexicon A corpus-based analysis of adjectives in English ending in -ic and -ical Mark Kaunisto Amsterdam - New York, NY 2007 Cover photo: Jane M. Sawyer, www.morguefile.com Cover design: Pier Post Online access is included in print subscriptions: see www.rodopi.nl The paper on which this book is printed meets the requirements of "ISO 9706:1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents Requirements for permanence". ISBN-13: 978-90-420-2233-1 ©Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - New York, NY 2007 Printed in The Netherlands Table of contents Table of contents v Preface ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1. 2. 3. 4. Corpus-based research on word-formation and lexicology The topic for our closer study: words ending in -ic and -ical The origin of the suffixes -ic and -ical Outline of the study 2 4 8 12 Chapter 2. Materials used in the study 15 Chapter 3. Earlier observations and empirical studies 23 1. 2. 3. 4. The preference for one of the forms over the other Semantic differentiation Other factors affecting the choice of the form Empirical studies 4.1 Marsden (1985) 4.2 Gries (2001; 2003) 5. General remarks 23 30 35 38 39 39 44 Chapter 4. The history of new adjectives ending in -ic and -ical 45 Chapter 5. Excellence, tradition, and ancient Greeks: classic/classical 59 1. Etymology and early history of the pair 2. Classic/classical in dictionaries and usage manuals 3. Different uses of classic/classical 3.1 Positive value judgement 3.1.