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SCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Second Edition Kent NI. Van De Graaff, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology Weber State University R. Ward Rhees, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology Brigham Young University a SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES McGRAW-HILL New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotd Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto KENT M. VAN DE GRAAFF is currently a Professor of Zoology at Weber State University in Ogden, Utah. He received his B.S. (1965) in Zoology at Weber State College, his M.S. (1 969) at University of Utah, and his Ph.D. (1973) at Northern Arizona University. He completed a postdoctorate course in neuromyology (1974), and taught anatomy at University of Minnesota and Brigham Young University. Van De Graaff is the author or coauthor of several college textbooks, including Human Anatomy, Concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology, and Synopsis of Human Anatomy and Physiology. R. WARD RHEES is a Professor of Zoology at Brigham Young University. He received his B.S. (1967) in Pharmacy at the University of Utah and his Ph.D. (1971) in Physiology at Colorado State University. He taught at Weber State College and has been a Visiting Professor in the Department of Anatomy and the Brain Research Institute at the UCLA School of Medicine. His research on sexual differentiation of the brain has been published in numerous leading scholarly journals and presented at national and international conferences. Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Copyright 0 1997, 1987 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 PRS PRS 9 0 2 1 0 9 8 7 ISBN 0-07-066887-6 Sponsoring Editor: Barbara Gilson Production Supervisor: Pamela Pelton Editing Supervisor: Maureen B. Walker Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData Van De Graaff, Kent M. (Kent Marshall), date Schaum‘s outline of theory and problems of human anatomy and physiology / Kent M. Van De Graaff, R. Ward Rhees. p. cm. -- (Schaum’s outline series) Includes index. ISBN 0-07-066887-6 1. Human physiology--Outlines, syllabi, etc. 2. Human physiology-Problems, exercises, etc. 3. Human anatomy--Outlines, syllabi, etc. 4.Human anatomy--Problems, exercises, etc. I. Rhees, R. Ward. 11. Title 111. Series. QP41.V36 1997 6 12--dc21 McGraw-Hill A Division of TheMcGraw.HiU Companies- - 97-8 163 CIP To Karen and Karin This page intentionally left blank <